Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and follow-up differences by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
| Total | Low eGFR (< 60)a | Normal eGFR (60 to 97)a | Mild RHF (97 to 99.96)a, b | Moderate RHF (99.96 to 102.44)a, b | Extreme RHF (≥ 102.44)a, b | Statistical test (all subgroups, n = 1187)c | Statistical test (RHF subgroups, n = 269)c, d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1187 | 22 | 896 | 90 | 92 | 87 | ||
| Deaths (column %) | 826 (69.59) | 14 (63.64) | 597 (66.63) | 74 (82.22) | 67 (72.83) | 74 (85.06) | Chi-square: df = 4, X2 = 21.16, p < 0.001 | Chi-square: df = 2, X2 = 4.61, p = 0.1 |
| Age in years | 54.42 [54.33, 54.50] | 54.50 [54.33, 54.77] | 54.42 [54.33, 54.50] | 54.33 [54.17, 54.50] | 54.33 [54.31, 54.42] | 54.33 [54.33, 54.50] | Kruskal–Wallis: df = 4, H = 20.62, p < 0.001 | Kruskal–Wallis: df = 2, H = 1.35, p = 0.51 |
| BMI (column %) | Chi-square: dfe = NA, X2 = 27.08, p = 0.041 | Chi-square: df = 8, X2 = 12.12, p = 0.146 | ||||||
| ≤ 25 | 373 (31.42) | 6 (27.27) | 266 (29.69) | 26 (28.89) | 37 (40.22) | 38 (43.68) | ||
| (25, 27.5] | 365 (30.75) | 9 (40.91) | 276 (30.80) | 27 (30.00) | 25 (27.17) | 28 (32.18) | ||
| (27.5, 30] | 253 (21.31) | 3 (13.64) | 209 (23.33) | 20 (22.22) | 12 (13.04) | 9 (10.34) | ||
| (30, 32.5] | 126 (10.61) | 4 (18.18) | 95 (10.60) | 11 (12.22) | 12 (13.04) | 4 (4.60) | ||
| > 32.5 | 70 (5.90) | 0 (0.00) | 50 (5.58) | 6 (6.67) | 6 (6.52) | 8 (9.20) | ||
| Smoking status (column %) | Chi-square: df = 8, X2 = 32.22, p < 0.001 | Chi-square: df = 4, X2 = 8.99, p = 0.061 | ||||||
| Never smoker | 348 (29.32) | 9 (40.91) | 284 (31.70) | 25 (27.78) | 19 (20.65) | 11 (12.64) | ||
| Previous smoker | 430 (36.23) | 9 (40.91) | 329 (36.72) | 33 (36.67) | 31 (33.70) | 28 (32.18) | ||
| Current smoker | 409 (34.46) | 4 (18.18) | 283 (31.58) | 32 (35.56) | 42 (45.65) | 48 (55.17) | ||
| Alcohol consumption in g/week | 40.80 [11.80, 96.68] | 18.62 [5.43, 66.03] | 38.45 [11.93, 94.95] | 45.40 [14.48, 104.81] | 48.00 [10.00, 103.69] | 51.00 [11.50, 108.15] | Kruskal–Wallis: df = 4, H = 4.76, p = 0.313 | Kruskal–Wallis: df = 2, H = 0.51, p = 0.774 |
| Hypertension (column %) | 727 (61.25) | 15 (68.18) | 559 (62.39) | 52 (57.78) | 53 (57.61) | 48 (55.17) | Chi-square: df = 4, X2 = 3.26, p = 0.515 | Chi-square: df = 2, X2 = 0.15, p = 0.926 |
| Vitamin D deficiency (column %) | 119 (10.03) | 1 (4.55) | 80 (8.93) | 7 (7.78) | 13 (14.13) | 18 (20.69) | Chi-square: dfe = NA, X2 = 15.12, p = 0.006 | Chi-square: df = 2, X2 = 6.08, p = 0.048 |
| eGFR in mL/min/1.73 m2 | 85.17 [76.98, 96.83] | 56.65 [50.40, 58.65] | 81.95 [75.22, 88.57] | 99.13 [98.57, 99.60] | 100.80 [100.74, 101.92] | 104.88 [103.64, 107.24] | Kruskal–Wallis: df = 4, H = 674.40, p < 0.001 | Kruskal–Wallis: df = 2, H = 238.47, < 0.001 |
| Follow-up in years | 27.42 [18.06, 32.03] | 26.23 [9.17, 30.01] | 28.54 [19.73, 32.48] | 23.68 [14.97, 30.25] | 25.66 [16.41, 32.41] | 20.84 [10.33, 28.47] | Kruskal–Wallis: df = 4, H = 37.47, p < 0.001 | Kruskal–Wallis: df = 2, H = 8.41, p = 0.015 |
| Age of death in years | 81.82 [72.44, 86.25] | 80.61 [63.52, 84.70] | 83.03 [74.05, 86.85] | 77.97 [69.39, 84.61] | 79.95 [70.87, 86.79] | 75.17 [64.95, 82.96] | Kruskal–Wallis: df = 4, H = 38.07, p < 0.001 | Kruskal–Wallis: df = 2, H = 8.27, p = 0.016 |
Numbers indicate median [interquartile range] unless otherwise indicated
BMI body mass index in kg/m2, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, RHF renal hyperfiltration
aIn mL/min/1.73 m2
bRHF subgroups were determined by cutoffs at 33.33 and 66.66 percentiles of men with RHF
cKruskal–Wallis rank-sum test and Pearson’s chi-squared test were used for across groups comparisons
dValues concern RHF subgroups only: mild RHF, moderate RHF, and extreme RHF
eBecause of the low expected frequencies in some cells, Monte-Carlo simulation (based on 5 × 105 replicates) was used to estimate p-value