Table 4.

Odds ratios of arthritis for women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus compared with those without a history of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Groups	Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals)
	Cases of arthritis/N	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	P for interaction
Overall	4,293/11,997	1.46 (1.18–1.80)**	1.32 (1.06–1.64)*	1.31 (1.06–1.62)*
Arthritis types
Osteoarthritis	1,798/11,997	1.66 (1.22–2.29)**	1.46 (1.05–2.03)*	1.47 (1.05–2.06)*
Rheumatoid arthritis	834/11,997	1.17 (0.77–1.77)	1.11 (0.75–1.63)	1.04 (0.69–1.57)
Others	1,661/11,997	1.32 (0.99–1.76)	1.25 (0.93–1.67)	1.26 (0.94–1.68)
Metabolic syndrome					0.12
Yes	2,209/4,909	1.29 (0.99–1.69)	1.18 (0.89–1.57)	1.24 (0.94–1.63)
No	2,084/7,088	1.42 (1.07–1.88)*	1.39 (1.05–1.85)*	1.34 (1.00–1.78)*
Obesity					0.05
Yes	2,244/5,233	1.61 (1.24–2.10)**	1.65 (1.24–2.19)**	1.64 (1.24–2.16)**
No	1,988/6,643	0.95 (0.63–1.43)	0.93 (0.61–1.41)	0.95 (0.62–1.45)
Current diabetes					<0.01
Yes	1,268/2,346	0.86 (0.62–1.20)	0.83 (0.60–1.15)	0.82 (0.58–1.16)
No	3,025/9,651	1.39 (1.06–1.83)*	1.34 (1.01–1.76)*	1.35 (1.03–1.76)*
Smoking					0.59
Never	2,362/7,549	1.40 (1.04–1.89)*	1.25 (0.91–1.73)	1.23 (0.89–1.71)
Current/former	1,931/4,448	1.59 (1.18–2.14)**	1.42 (1.05–1.94)*	1.43 (1.05–1.95)*
Current drinker					0.42
Yes	3,355/9,152	1.81 (1.05–3.13)*	1.68 (0.98–2.87)	1.76 (1.00–3.14)*
No	938/2,845	1.35 (1.09–1.67)**	1.22 (0.97–1.53)	1.20 (0.95–1.52)
Physical activitya					0.63
Yes	2,862/7,064	1.63 (1.15–2.32)**	1.51 (1.07–2.13)*	1.53 (1.06–2.20)*
No	1,431/4,933	1.32 (1.00–1.74)*	1.16 (0.87–1.53)	1.13 (0.86–1.49)

*P <0.05, **P <0.01.

Model 1: adjusted for age and race/ethnicity.

Model 2: adjusted for covariates in model 1 and body mass index, education, and annual family income.

Model 3: adjusted for covariates in model 2 and alcohol drinking, smoking, and recreational physical activity.

^aVigorous/moderate recreational activities for at least 10 min continuously in a typical week.