Table 3.

Multivariate Cox regression analysis for prognostic factors after propensity score matching (N = 650)

Characteristics	OS		DFS
	HR (95% CI)	P	HR (95% CI)	P
Sex
Male	Ref		Ref
Female	0.390 (0.235-0.646)	<0.001	0.443 (0.289-0.681)	<0.001
Age (years)
≤60	Ref		Ref
>60	1.471 (1.081-2.003)	0.014	1.234 (0.939-1.620)	0.131
Tumour size (cm)
≤4 cm	Ref		Ref
>4 cm	1.220 (0.866-1.718)	0.256	1.275 (0.937-1.734)	0.122
Anatomical type
Central	Ref		Ref
Peripheral	0.880 (0.548-1.413)	0.596	0.870 (0.570-1.330)	0.521
Tumour location
RUL	Ref		Ref
RML	1.008 (0.550-1.848)	0.980	1.030 (0.614-1.726)	0.912
RLL	1.940 (1.276-2.948)	0.002	1.409 (0.962-2.063)	0.078
LUL	1.151 (0.766-1.730)	0.497	1.076 (0.757-1.528)	0.684
LLL	1.086 (0.688-1.716)	0.722	1.006 (0.676-1.498)	0.976
Comorbidity
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	0.902 (0.619-1.317)	0.594	0.913 (0.657-1.269)	0.590
Smoking history
Never	Ref		Ref
Current/quit	1.089 (0.737-1.608)	0.669	1.067 (0.755-1.509)	0.714
Surgical resection
Lobar resectiona	Ref		Ref
Sublobar resection	0.954 (0.342-2.665)	0.929	1.270 (0.548-2.942)	0.578
Histology
Adenocarcinoma	Ref		Ref
Non-adenocarcinoma	0.646 (0.456-0.915)	0.014	0.616 (0.449-0.844)	0.003
Cell differentiation
Well	Ref		Ref
Moderate	0.829 (0.439-1.566)	0.564	1.133 (0.625-2.053)	0.681
Poor	1.489 (0.799-2.774)	0.210	1.619 (0.896-2.925)	0.111
Vascular invasion
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	1.458 (0.773-2.752)	0.245	1.421 (0.810-2.492)	0.220
Visceral pleural involvement
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	1.123 (0.807-1.562)	0.491	1.082 (0.809-1.446)	0.596
NA	0.955 (0.608-1.501)	0.842	0.786 (0.523-1.180)	0.245
Adjuvant chemotherapy
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	0.824 (0.616-1.104)	0.195	1.062 (0.820-1.376)	0.648

CI, confidence interval; DFS, disease-free survival; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival; LLL, left lower lobe; LUL, left upper lobe; NA, not available; RLL, right lower lobe; RML, right middle lobe; RUL, right upper lobe.

^aInclude lobectomy, bilobectomy, and pneumonectomy.