Fig. 2. Power comparison between baseline-adjusted and unadjusted models.

Upper panels (a–c): ${\beta }_G=-0.2$. Lower panels (d–f): ${\beta }_G=0.2$. First, second, third column: $\left({\beta }_{G_0},{\beta }_{y_0}\right)=\left(0.1,0.2\right),\left(0,0\right),\left(0.1,-0.2\right)$, respectively. $\alpha =10^{-6}$, which is consistent with the type I error simulation. M1–M9 are defined in the “Methods” section.