Fig. 3. Widely tunable mechanical properties of the constructs bioprinted from GelMA/HAMA bioinks and their feasibility to fabricate structurally sophisticated soft tissue-mimics.

a 3D surface plots showing the effects of different parameters on mechanical properties of the final constructs made from 3.0% HAMA in combination with different concentrations of GelMA and Hase. b Comparison plot between predicted and experimental moduli of Hase-digested constructs. c Parameter maps showing the relationships between compressive moduli and bioink formulations, including GelMA concentration, Hase concentration, and the digestion time. d Compressive moduli of constructs printed with different ink formulations to achieve tissue-matching mechanics post-enzymatic digestion, where the digestion parameters were determined from the mathematical model. n = 3; one-way ANOVA; **p < 0.01 (compared with the respective groups of before digestion). Data are presented as mean values ± SDs. e 3D tissue-mimics printed with 2.5%, 5.0%, 5.0%, or 7.5% GelMA containing 1.5% or 3.0% HAMA to emulate the brain, liver, lung, or heart, respectively. Bottom rows show photographs of the printed structurally sophisticated constructs before and after different parameters of Hase digestion and the corresponding SEM images. Images are representatives of n = 3 independent experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.