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. 2022 Jun 9;13:3325. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31042-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Effect of water salinity on the peak value of the current. Error bars indicate standard deviations, with all values ≤0.53. b Influence of an obstacle on the current signals. c Comparison between the received current signals in clean water and those in turbid water. d Schematic diagram of the drilling platform with oil pipeline. e Variation of the peak value of short-circuit current output transmitted in a water pipe of 100 meters. Tr and Re represent transmitting and receiving electrodes respectively. v is the liquid flowing speed. Error bars indicate standard deviations, with all values ≤0.46. f Comparison between the short-circuit current signals transmitted in a straight and those in a curved water pipe.