Fig. 3. Microfluidic systems can deliver stimulations with high precision and at throughputs not previously attainable while making once laborious experiments less demanding.

a-i A 3D-printed microfluidic device compatible with a custom-built light-sheet microscope to stimulate zebrafish with precise flow vectors for brain-wide calcium imaging⁴⁰. a-ii A microfluidic device with an array of microposts for analysis of sleep behavior of C. elegans⁴⁶. b A microfluidic system that automatically aligned Drosophila embryos and precisely compressed them using pneumatically actuated deformable sidewalls with simultaneous live imaging⁵⁷. c A microfluidic system capable of trapping hundreds of C. elegans embryos quickly and enabling efficient reagent exchange⁵⁹. d-i A microfluidic system visualized the response of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) of Drosophila larva in response to controlled odorant exposure⁶⁹. d-ii A microfluidic device with integrated glass capillaries and a microneedle for chemical injection of Drosophila larvae⁷⁰. e A microfluidic device exposed Drosophila embryo to a thermal gradient along the anterior-posterior axis using two laminar flow streams with different temperatures⁷⁶. All panels are cropped and adapted versions of the originals. Panel c is adapted with permission from Charles et al.⁵⁹, copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.