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. 2022 May 27;13:907060. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.907060

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Copyright © 2022 Geng, Li and Yang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Several major chemical modifications in RNAs. The green spheres on the bases represent modification sites. The red helices represent RNA. The dynamic and reversible modifications are mediated by three groups of proteins: writers (install modifications on specific sites), erasers (remove modifications), and readers (recognize modifications). METTL3/14/16, Methyltransferase-like 3, 14, 16; WTAP, Wilms' tumor 1-associating protein; RBM15/15B, RNA-binding motif protein 15/15B; VIRMA, Vir-like m6A methyltransferase associated; ZC3H13, Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 13; FTO, Fat mass and obesity-associated protein; ALKBH5, ALKB homolog 5; YTHDF1/2/3, YT521-B homology (YTH) protein families including YTH domain family 1, 2, 3; YTHDC1/2, YTH domain containing 1, 2; IGF2BPs, Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding proteins; HNRNPs, Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins; eIF3, Eukaryotic translation initiation factor; TRMT6/61A, tRNA methyltransferase 6, 61A; PUSs, Pseudouridine synthases; PUS7L, PUS7-like; PUSL1, PUS-like 1; DKC1, Dyskerin PUS1; RPUSD1/2/3/4, RNA PSU domain-covering 1, 2, 3, 4; TRUB1/2, TruB PSU class member 1, 2; NSUN3-7, NOL1/NOP2/SUN domain (NSUN) family of proteins 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; DNMT2, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) homolog-2; TET family, Ten-eleven translocation family enzymes; ALYREF, Aly/REF export factor; YBX1, Y box binding protein 1; LSH, lymphoid specific helicase; WBSCR22, Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosomal region 22 protein, also called BUD23; Merm1, Metastasis-related methyltransferase 1; WDR4, WD 159 repeat domain 4.