Stroke-associated microglia (SAM) exhibit enhanced antioxidant properties. (A) Subclustering analysis of microglia in the stroke brain. Microglia (10,559 cells) were extracted from CL and IL hemispheres at 24 h and 48 h after tMCAO. (B) UMAP plots showing two microglia clusters from CL (left) and IL (right) hemispheres at 24 h after tMCAO. (C) Stacked bar graph showing numbers of microglia counted from IL and CL hemispheres at 24 h after tMCAO. (D) Projection of microglia on a pseudo-time graph plot displaying the transition from homeostatic microglia (blue) to SAM (yellow). (E) Scatterplot showing scRNA-seq analysis of differentially expressed genes. Red and blue dots indicate genes that were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in SAM (log2FC>±1.5). (F) Gene ontology analysis of genes found to be differentially expressed in SAM. (G) Violin plots showing the expression of the SAM marker genes, Prdx1, Srxn1, Txn1, Spp1, Mt1, and Mt2 in microglial subclusters. (H) Prdx1-mediated antioxidant pathways against ROS stress. (I) Expression of DAM marker genes in SAM and homeostatic microglia. Red and blue lines respectively indicate up- and down-regulated marker genes of DAM. Increased or decreased gene expression in SAM versus homeostatic microglia is indicated by red or blue dots, respectively. . (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)