Table 1.

The three components of nurturing care3 during COVID-19 investigated in the rapid review

Components of nurturing care	Types of outcomes included in the review
Responsive caregiving This is about the ability of the parent/caregiver to notice, understand and respond to their child’s signals in a timely and appropriate manner, and is considered the foundational component because responsive caregivers are better able to support the other components of nurturing care.	Caregiver mental health and stress Parent–child interactions Family functioning Fathers’ engagement in caregiving Gender roles and norms Breastfeeding support for emotional bonding Skin-to-skin contact Family and social support
Opportunities for early learning This is about any opportunity for a young child to interact with a person, place or object in their environment, and recognises that every interaction (positive or negative) or absence of an interaction contributes to the child’s brain development and laying the foundation for later learning.	Pre-primary education Remote or distance learning Parent–child reading and other early learning activities Outdoor play, physical activity and sedentary behaviour Screen time
Safety and security This is about safe and secure environments for children and their families. It addresses physical dangers, emotional stress, environmental risks, and access to food and water.	Safe play spaces and prevention of child injuries Protecting children from physical punishment, mental or emotional abuse, and neglect Social care services including cash transfer to the most vulnerable families Access to clean water and sanitation Good hygiene