Table 1.
Pooled, and stratified characteristics of hospitalized patients.
| Characteristics | Pooled | Stratified | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patients n (%) | No supplemental oxygen or low-flow oxygen n (%) | HFNC or NIV or IMV | |
| 471 | 381 | 90 | |
| Male, n (%) | 301 (63.8) | 225 (59.1) | 76 (84.4) |
| Female, n (%) | 170 (36.2) | 156 (40.9) | 14 (15.6) |
| Age, median (Q1–Q3) years | 71 (58–81) | 73 (57–82) | 67 (59–74) |
| Age male, median (Q1–Q3) years | 68 (56–78) | 68 (56–79) | 67 (59–73) |
| Age female, median (Q1–Q3) years | 76 (62–85) | 77 (63–86) | 65 (57–79) |
| BCRSS at admission 0, n (%) | 226 (48.1) | 224 (58.8) | 2 (2.2) |
| BCRSS at admission 1, n (%) | 112 (23.8) | 109 (28.6) | 3 (3.4) |
| BCRSS at admission 2, n (%) | 47 (10.0) | 43 (11.3) | 4 (4.5) |
| BCRSS at admission 3, n (%) | 45 (9.6) | 5 (1.3) | 40 (44.9) |
| BCRSS at admission 4, n (%) | 38 (8.1) | 0 (0.0) | 38 (42.7) |
| BCRSS at admission 5, n (%) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.3) |
| P/F ratio at admission, median (Q1–Q3) | 310 (191–368) | 333 (265–382) | 128 (93–175) |
| P/F ratio < 300, n (%) | 218 (46.5) | 134 (35.3) | 84 (94.4) |
| NEWS2 at admission, median (Q1–Q3) | 4 (2–7) | 3 (2–6) | 8 (6–9) |
| NEWS2 0–4, n (%) | 258 (54.9) | 244 (64.0) | 14 (15.7) |
| NEWS2 5–6, n (%) | 83 (17.7) | 68 (17.9) | 15 (16.9) |
| NEWS2 ≥ 7, n (%) | 129 (27.4) | 69 (18.1) | 60 (67.4) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Cardiovascular (including hyperension), n (%) | 289 (61.5) | 237 (62.2) | 52 (58.4) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 82 (17.4) | 67 (17.6) | 15 (16.9) |
| Gastrointestinal, n (%) | 73 (15.5) | 56 (14.7) | 17 (19.1) |
| Autoimmune, n (%) | 62 (13.2) | 55 (14.4) | 7 (7.9) |
| Obesity, n (%) | 55 (11.7) | 37 (9.7) | 18 (20.2) |
| Pulmonary, n (%) | 57 (12.1) | 48 (12.6) | 9 (10.1) |
| Renal, n (%) | 50 (10.6) | 41 (10.8) | 9 (10.1) |
| Cancer, n (%) | 56 (11.9) | 49 (12.9) | 7 (7.9) |
| Outcomes | |||
| Intra-hospital mortality, n (%) | 58 (12.3) | 46 (12.1) | 12 (13.3) |
| Length of stay, median (Q1–Q3) | 10 (6–16) | 9 (6–14) | 21 (13–33) |
| Complications | 17 (4.5) | ||
| Venous thromboembolism (pulmonary embolism–deep vein thrombosis), n (%) | 28 (6.0) | 8 (2.1) | 11 (12.4) |
| Acute coronary syndrome, n (%) | 10 (2.1) | 15 (3.9) | 2 (2.2) |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 24 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (10.1) |
| Guillian-Barrè syndrome, n (%) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (1.1) |
| Pneumothorax, n (%) | 4 (0.8) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (3.4) |
| Pneumomediastinum, n (%) | 6 (1.3) | 17 (4.5) | 5 (5.6) |
BCRSS Brescia COVID Respiratory Severity Scale, HFNC high-flow nasal cannula, IMV invasive mechanical ventilation, NEWS2 National Early Warning Score 2, NIV non-invasive ventilation, P/F ratio PiO2/FiO2 ratio, Q1 first quartile, Q3 third quartile.