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. 2022 Jun 10;14:61. doi: 10.1186/s13073-022-01066-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Anti-S antibody levels and neutralisation titres induced by vaccination and natural infection. Observed antibody levels in Vo’ unvaccinated individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, Vo’ subjects and HCW subjects vaccinated when naïve, according to a DiaSorin S1/S2 (Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test, unvaccinated previously infected versus vaccinated when naïve after one dose of vaccine, P = 1, or two doses of vaccine, P < 0.0001), b DiaSorin TrimericS (Mann-Whitney test, unvaccinated previously infected versus HCW subjects vaccinated when naïve, P < 0.0001) (c, d) and micro-neutralisation (Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test, unvaccinated previously infected versus vaccinated when naïve after one dose of vaccine, P = 0.001, or two doses of vaccine, P = 1; Mann-Whitney test, unvaccinated previously infected versus HCW subjects vaccinated when naïve, P < 0.001) assays. Asterisks indicate *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. HCW: healthcare workers. Previous infection is defined according to the ground truth definition provided in the text