Table 1. Participant Characteristics by Adherence to the 2020 American Cancer Society Dietary Guidelines Score Among Adults in the Cancer Prevention Study-3.
| Characteristic | Dietary score, No. (%) (N = 155 331)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 (n = 37 366) | Quartile 2 (n = 36 567) | Quartile 3 (n = 40 659) | Quartile 4 (n = 40 739) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 49.5 (9.64) | 51.6 (9.69) | 52.7 (9.63) | 53.9 (9.48) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 29.5 (6.94) | 28.2 (6.26) | 27.2 (5.91) | 25.5 (5.09) |
| Recreational physical activity, mean (SD), MET-h/wk | 9.2 (8.54) | 10.3 (8.75) | 10.9 (8.82) | 11.9 (9.08) |
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 7262 (19.4) | 8624 (23.6) | 7460 (18.3) | 8870 (21.8) |
| Women | 30 104 (80.6) | 27 943 (76.4) | 33 199 (81.7) | 31 869 (78.2) |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 387 (1.0) | 325 (0.9) | 370 (0.9) | 326 (0.8) |
| Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander | 471 (1.3) | 619 (1.7) | 732 (1.8) | 899 (2.2) |
| Black | 1056 (2.8) | 867 (2.4) | 964 (2.4) | 942 (2.3) |
| Hispanic | 1896 (5.1) | 1827 (5.0) | 2085 (5.1) | 2159 (5.3) |
| White | 33 300 (89.1) | 32 650 (89.3) | 36 187 (89.0) | 36 029 (88.4) |
| Otherb | 256 (0.7) | 279 (0.8) | 321 (0.8) | 384 (0.9) |
| Income, $ | ||||
| <25 000 | 1868 (5.0) | 1462 (4.0) | 1472 (3.6) | 1409 (3.5) |
| 25 000 to <50 000 | 5396 (14.4) | 4258 (11.6) | 4327 (10.6) | 3913 (9.6) |
| 50 000 to <75 000 | 7519 (20.1) | 6632 (18.1) | 6969 (17.1) | 6595 (16.2) |
| 75 000 to <100 000 | 6981 (18.7) | 6493 (17.8) | 7170 (17.6) | 6910 (17.0) |
| 100 000 to <125 000 | 5992 (16.0) | 5983 (16.4) | 6668 (16.4) | 6582 (16.2) |
| 125 000 to <150 000 | 3420 (9.2) | 3796 (10.4) | 4315 (10.6) | 4268 (10.5) |
| ≥150 000 | 6190 (16.6) | 7943 (21.7) | 9738 (24.0) | 11 062 (27.2) |
| Educational level | ||||
| ≤High school | 4152 (11.1) | 2953 (8.1) | 2443 (6.0) | 1689 (4.1) |
| Some college or 2-y degree | 12 393 (33.2) | 10 492 (28.7) | 10 415 (25.6) | 8079 (19.8) |
| College graduate | 12 381 (33.1) | 12 773 (34.9) | 14 496 (35.7) | 14 349 (35.2) |
| Graduate degree | 8440 (22.6) | 10 349 (28.3) | 13 305 (32.7) | 16 622 (40.8) |
| Rural-urban commuting area | ||||
| Metropolitan | 30 387 (81.3) | 31 360 (85.8) | 35 810 (88.1) | 36 967 (90.7) |
| Micropolitan | 4593 (12.3) | 3496 (9.6) | 3211 (7.9) | 2613 (6.4) |
| Small town | 1478 (4.0) | 1050 (2.9) | 1033 (2.5) | 728 (1.8) |
| Rural | 908 (2.4) | 661 (1.8) | 605 (1.5) | 431 (1.1) |
| Residing in a food desert | ||||
| No | 34 010 (91) | 33 917 (92.8) | 38 051 (93.6) | 38 374 (94.2) |
| Yes | 3356 (9.0) | 2650 (7.2) | 2608 (6.4) | 2365 (5.8) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married or living with partner | 28 174 (76.3) | 28 024 (77.6) | 31 251 (77.7) | 31 358 (77.9) |
| Never married | 3170 (8.6) | 2655 (7.4) | 2798 (7.0) | 2848 (7.1) |
| Divorced, separated, or widowed | 5588 (15.1) | 5425 (15.0) | 6184 (15.4) | 6038 (15.0) |
| Work status | ||||
| Full time | 27 469 (74.8) | 25 371 (70.5) | 26 540 (66.6) | 24 840 (62.3) |
| Part time | 3545 (9.7) | 3901 (10.8) | 5125 (12.9) | 5934 (14.9) |
| Retired | 3087 (8.4) | 4153 (11.5) | 5264 (13.2) | 6146 (15.4) |
| Other | 2600 (7.1) | 2546 (7.1) | 2942 (7.4) | 2939 (7.4) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 25 791 (69.2) | 25 102 (68.9) | 27 904 (68.8) | 28 298 (69.7) |
| Current | 1952 (5.2) | 1123 (3.1) | 873 (2.2) | 492 (1.2) |
| Former | 9509 (25.5) | 10 213 (28.0) | 11 754 (29.0) | 11 816 (29.1) |
| Alcohol intake, drinks/d | ||||
| None | 13 132 (35.2) | 10 047 (27.5) | 9957 (24.5) | 9426 (23.2) |
| >0-1 | 18 944 (50.8) | 19 268 (52.8) | 21 845 (53.8) | 21 592 (53.1) |
| >1 | 5240 (14.0) | 7202 (19.7) | 8783 (21.6) | 9667 (23.8) |
| Family history of cancer | ||||
| No | 14 047 (38.9) | 13 195 (37.3) | 14 345 (36.3) | 14 060 (35.6) |
| Yes | 22 091 (61.1) | 22 216 (62.7) | 25 141 (63.7) | 25 481 (64.4) |
| Comorbiditiesc | ||||
| None | 19 777 (52.9) | 19 402 (53.1) | 22 476 (55.3) | 23 834 (58.5) |
| 1 | 10 477 (28.0) | 10 253 (28.0) | 11 278 (27.7) | 11 115 (27.3) |
| ≥2 | 7112 (19.0) | 6912 (18.9) | 6905 (17.0) | 5790 (14.2) |
| Full-service restaurant | ||||
| None or rarely | 6797 (18.4) | 6442 (17.8) | 7288 (18.1) | 8296 (20.6) |
| 1 time/mo to 2 times/wk | 27 546 (74.4) | 27 231 (75.1) | 30 538 (75.8) | 29 792 (74.0) |
| ≥3 times/wk | 2675 (7.2) | 2580 (7.1) | 2458 (6.1) | 2183 (5.4) |
| Fast food consumption | ||||
| None or rarely | 9166 (24.6) | 13 814 (38.0) | 19 921 (49.3) | 27 025 (66.8) |
| 1 time/mo to 2 times/wk | 20 789 (55.9) | 18 725 (51.5) | 17 971 (44.4) | 12 408 (30.6) |
| ≥3 times/wk | 7231 (19.4) | 3838 (10.6) | 2538 (6.3) | 1053 (2.6) |
| Homecooked meals | ||||
| None or rarely | 1819 (4.9) | 1173 (3.2) | 844 (2.1) | 552 (1.4) |
| 1 time/mo to 2 times/wk | 10 259 (27.6) | 7481 (20.6) | 6268 (15.5) | 3877 (9.6) |
| ≥3 times/wk | 25 059 (67.5) | 27 708 (76.2) | 33 297 (82.4) | 36 077 (89.1) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); MET, metabolic equivalent of task.
a
Total scores range from 0 to 12, with higher score indicating better diet quality. Quartiles are calculated using sex-specific cut points (men: quartile 1: 0 to <4.50; quartile 2: 4.50 to <6.25; quartile 3: 6.25 to <7.75; quartile 4: 7.75 to 12; women: quartile 1: 0 to <4.75; quartile 2: 4.75 to <6.25; quartile 3: 6.25 to <8.00; quartile 4: 8.00 to 12).
b
Includes individuals who identified as more than 1 minority race or ethnicity.
c
Comorbidities include diabetes; high blood pressure; high cholesterol; cancer; myocardial infarction; heart bypass surgery, angioplasty, or stent; stroke; and emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.