Table. Participant Characteristics According to Racial Group.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Black (n = 217) | White (n = 960) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 50.9 (12.4) | 54.1 (13.2) | .001 |
| Gender | |||
| Women | 150 (69.1) | 726 (75.6) | .047 |
| Men | 67 (30.9) | 234 (24.4) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic | 9 (4.1) | 89 (9.3) | .01 |
| Non-Hispanic | 208 (95.9) | 871 (90.7) | |
| Educational level | |||
| <College degree | 158 (72.8) | 551 (57.4) | <.001 |
| ≥College degree | 59 (27.2) | 409 (42.6) | |
| Cigarette smoking status | |||
| Never or former smoker | 153 (70.5) | 819 (85.3) | <.001 |
| Current smoker | 64 (29.5) | 141 (14.7) | |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 34.1 (8.5) | 32.5 (8.4) | .01 |
| Duration of low back pain, y | |||
| ≤5 | 88 (40.6) | 274 (28.5) | <.001 |
| >5 | 129 (59.4) | 686 (71.5) | |
| History of low back surgery | |||
| No | 198 (91.2) | 755 (78.6) | <.001 |
| Yes | 19 (8.8) | 205 (21.4) | |
| Presence of chronic widespread pain | |||
| No | 148 (68.2) | 717 (74.7) | .051 |
| Yes | 69 (31.8) | 243 (25.3) | |
| Work loss ≥1 mo owing to low back pain | |||
| No | 109 (50.2) | 575 (59.9) | .009 |
| Yes | 108 (49.8) | 385 (40.1) | |
| Received disability or workers’ compensation benefits owing to low back pain | |||
| No | 148 (68.2) | 755 (78.6) | .001 |
| Yes | 69 (31.8) | 205 (21.4) | |
| Involved in a legal action owing to low back pain | |||
| No | 185 (85.3) | 883 (92.0) | .002 |
| Yes | 32 (14.7) | 77 (8.0) | |
| Pain catastrophizing score, mean (SD)a | 24.3 (14.7) | 18.4 (12.7) | <.001 |
| Pain self-efficacy score, mean (SD)a | 32.4 (14.8) | 33.4 (14.9) | .41 |
| History of medical conditions | |||
| Herniated disc | |||
| No | 149 (68.7) | 570 (59.4) | .01 |
| Yes | 68 (31.3) | 390 (40.6) | |
| Sciatica | |||
| No | 153 (70.5) | 440 (45.8) | <.001 |
| Yes | 64 (29.5) | 520 (54.2) | |
| Osteoarthritis | |||
| No | 151 (69.6) | 483 (50.3) | <.001 |
| Yes | 66 (30.4) | 477 (49.7) | |
| Osteoporosis | |||
| No | 193 (88.9) | 819 (85.3) | .16 |
| Yes | 24 (11.1) | 141 (14.7) | |
| Hypertension | |||
| No | 106 (48.8) | 558 (58.1) | .01 |
| Yes | 111 (51.2) | 402 (41.9) | |
| Heart disease | |||
| No | 200 (92.2) | 849 (88.4) | .11 |
| Yes | 17 (7.8) | 111 (11.6) | |
| Diabetes | |||
| No | 161 (74.2) | 792 (82.5) | .005 |
| Yes | 56 (25.8) | 168 (17.5) | |
| Asthma | |||
| No | 167 (77.0) | 698 (72.7) | .20 |
| Yes | 50 (23.0) | 262 (27.3) | |
| Depression | |||
| No | 97 (44.7) | 403 (42.0) | .46 |
| Yes | 120 (55.3) | 557 (58.0) | |
| Health-related quality of life SPADE score, mean (SD)a | 57.9 (7.3) | 57.9 (6.7) | >.99 |
| Current use of opioids for low back pain | |||
| No | 132 (60.8) | 647 (67.4) | .06 |
| Yes | 85 (39.2) | 313 (32.6) | |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); SPADE, sleep disturbance, pain interference with activities, anxiety, depression, and low energy or fatigue.
a
Higher scores represent worse clinical status on each of these continuous measures except pain self-efficacy score.