Table 1.
Participant characteristics and clinical parameters
|
|
HC (n = 26)
|
T2DM (n = 25)
|
T2DM + OSA (n =27)
|
P
value
|
| Sex, male/female | 17/9 | 17/8 | 21/6 | 0.584 |
| Age, yr | 45.58 ± 8.81 | 45.92 ± 13.89 | 47.59 ± 5.18 | 0.728 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.63 ± 2.61 | 25.84 ± 3.45 | 27.03 ± 2.11b | 0.009 |
| WHR, cm | 0.85 ± 0.06 | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.98 ± 0.05b | < 0.001 |
| NC, cm | 32.88 ± 3.70 | 36.25 ± 4.75 | 38.37 ± 2.31b | < 0.001 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.30 (4.70, 5.43) | 6.90 (6.30, 8.05) | 8.00 (6.40, 9.25)b | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.50 (1.09, 2.03) | 2.10 (1.02, 3.53) | 2.38 (1.37, 3.22)a | 0.099 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.30 (5.10, 5.60) | 9.70 (7.30, 10.80) | 8.70 (7.70, 9.70)b | < 0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 117.50 (112.00, 123.25) | 130.00 (117.00, 143.00) | 131.00 (128.00, 144.00)b | < 0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 71.96 ± 5.44 | 81.13 ± 11.33 | 82.26 ± 8.58b | < 0.001 |
| HCY, μmol/L | 9.60 (8.30, 12.53) | 10.30 (8.05, 12.03) | 13.81 (10.73, 20.54)b,c | < 0.001 |
| AHI | 2.30 (1.48, 3.05) | 3.70 (2.00, 4.15) | 13.70 (9.80, 20.10)b,c | < 0.001 |
| Mean SpO2, % | 97.05 (96.50, 97.53) | 96.60 (96.05, 96.95) | 94.70 (93.80, 95.20)b,c | < 0.001 |
| Lowest SpO2, % | 85.50 (82.00, 90.25) | 85.00 (76.00, 87.50) | 81.00 (73.00, 84.00)b | 0.002 |
| ODI | 0.65 (0.40, 1.23) | 2.20 (1.10, 5.45) | 9.10 (5.90, 15.30)b,c | < 0.001 |
P < 0.05 vs HC.
P < 0.01 vs HC.
P < 0.01 vs T2DM.
P value: Comparison of three groups. Data are presented as the mean ± SD or median with interquartile range. The P value was based on Kruskal–Wallis test or one-way ANOVA. Mann–Whitney U test or least significant difference t-test was used to compare two groups. Significant differences were adjusted by Bonferroni correction. WHR: Waist-hip ratio; NC: Neck circumstance; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR: Insulin resistance index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; SBP: Systolic pressure; DBP: Diastolic pressure; HCY: Homocysteine; AHI: Apnea–hypopnea indices; ODI: Oxygen desaturation index; HC: Healthy control; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea.