Table 2.
|
Risk factors in hepatocellular carcinoma (other than liver cirrhosis)
|
OR (95%CI)
|
|
| Strong risk factors (OR > 10) | Europe | |
| Untreated chronic HBV/HCV hepatitis | 191.0 | |
| Untreated chronic HCV hepatitis | 31.2 | |
| Untreated chronic HBV hepatitis | 18.8 | |
| East Asia and Africa | ||
| Untreated chronic HBV/HCV hepatitis | 75.6 | |
| Untreated chronic HBV hepatitis | 20.8 | |
| Untreated chronic HCV hepatitis | 11.5 | |
| Moderate risk factors (OR = 2-10) | Aflatoxin B1 exposure | 5.9 |
| Untreated chronic HDV infection | 3.9 | |
| Diabetes | 3.2 | |
| Asian race | 3.2 | |
| Male gender | 2.8 | |
| Alcohol intake | 2.3 | |
| Severe iron overload | 2.1 | |
| Weak risk factors (OR < 2) | Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) | 1.9 |
| Mild iron overload | 1.6 | |
| Current smoking | 1.6 | |
| HCV genotype 1b | 1.6 | |
| PNPLA3 rs738409 single nucleotide polymorphism | 1.4 | |
HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HDV: Hepatitis D virus; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index.