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. 2022 Jun 8;12(6):e052227. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052227

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses depicting study selection, screening, eligibility for inclusion and synthesis (adapted from Page et al).⁹¹ IP, independent prescribing; NMP, non-medical prescribing.