. 2022 Jun 9;140(7):707–714. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1818

Table 3. Hazard Ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for Incident Dry Eye Disease (DED) Comparing ω-3 Fatty Acids and Placebo Groups.

Subgroup	Total, No.	No. of incident DED		HR (95% CI)^a
Subgroup	Total, No.	Placebo	ω-3	HR (95% CI)^a
Age, y
50 to <65	9150	61	65	1.06 (0.75-1.50)
≥65	14 373	179	167	0.93 (0.76-1.15)
Sex
Female	11 349	149	154	1.03 (0.82-1.29)
Male	12 174	91	78	0.86 (0.64-1.16)
Race^b
Black	4610	36	37	1.02 (0.64-1.61)
Non-Hispanic White	16 481	183	169	0.93 (0.75-1.14)
Other^c	1927	17	19	1.18 (0.61-2.28)
Diabetes
No	20 353	205	200	0.98 (0.81-1.20)
Yes	3129	34	31	0.87 (0.54-1.42)
Hypertension history
No	11 404	110	94	0.85 (0.64-1.12)
Yes	11 983	127	138	1.10 (0.86-1.40)
Hypertension treatment
No	11 494	110	90	0.81 (0.61-1.07)
Yes	11 870	125	141	1.15 (0.90-1.46)
Autoimmune disease
No	19 881	182	192	1.07 (0.87-1.31)
Yes	3640	58	40	0.65 (0.43-0.97)
Baseline plasma ω-3 level
Median <2.5%	7098	84	63	0.75 (0.54-1.04)
Median ≥2.5%	6982	92	88	0.95 (0.71-1.27)
Fish consumption
Median <1.5 servings/wk	12 287	121	128	1.07 (0.83-1.37)
Median ≥1.5 servings/wk	10 846	115	103	0.89 (0.68-1.16)
Vitamin D treatment assignment
Active	11 768	115	123	1.07 (0.83-1.38)
Placebo	11 755	125	109	0.87 (0.67-1.13)

^{^a}

Adjusted for age, sex, and vitamin D treatment assignment.

^{^b}

Race and ethnicity data were queried because previous studies have suggested possible racial and ethnic variability in occurrence of eye disease. Participants self-reported race and ethnicity by responding to multiple choice questions and categories were consolidated where appropriate to avoid small numbers.

^{^c}

Includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Hispanic or Latino, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and unknown.