Table 2.
Functions of exosomal proteins in transmitting related drug resistance in cancer
| Drug name | Cancer Type | Exosomal Protein | Related Mechanism | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cisplatin | Ovarian cancer | AnxA3 | Enhanced secretion of exosomes | [151] |
| Ovarian cancer | CLPTM1L | Ectodomain-dependent way | [152] | |
| NSCLC | PKM2 | Promote glycolysis to neutralize ROS; inhibit apoptosis; reprogram CAFs to affect TME | [153] | |
| 5-Fluorouracil | Colorectal cancer | IDH1 | Mediate NADPH decrease | [154] |
| GDF15, DPP4 | Induce POSTN-Smad signaling | [155,156] | ||
| p-STAT3 | Related to caspase cascade | [157] | ||
| PrP | Hypoxic-exosomal tumor progression | [120] | ||
| Gemcitabine | Breast cancer | EphA2 | Activate ERK1/2 signaling | [158] |
| Pancreatic cancer | EphA2 | Transmit related chemoresistance | [159] | |
| TNBC | AnxA6 | Inhibit EGFR ubiquitination and degradation | [160] | |
| Imatinib | Leukemia | IFITM3, CD146, CD36 | Regulate surface localization | [161] |
| Osimertinib | NSCLC | EGFR | Induce intercellular transfer | [162] |
| ALK-TKIs | ALK-positive NSCLC | Tim-3, Gal-9 | Clinical data of plasma exosome | [163] |
| Taxane | Prostate cancer | Integrin β4, vinculin | Enhance cancer cell migration and invasion | [129] |
| Paclitaxel | PDAC | Survivin | Compromised the effectiveness of paclitaxel with or without ERK inhibitor/chloroquine | [108] |
| Docetaxel | Prostate cancer | MDR-1/P-gp | Transmit related chemoresistance | [164] |
| Celecoxib | Lung cancer | COX-2 | Increase PGE2 and VEGF production to affect TME | [166] |
| Trastuzumab | HER2+ breast cancer | HER2 | HER2 overexpressing exosomes | [167,168] |
| Enzalutamide | Prostate cancer | Syntaxin 6 | Increase CD63 colocalization | [169] |
Abbreviations: ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; ALK-TKIs, ALK-tyrosine-kinase-inhibitors; AnxA3, annexin 3; AnxA6, annexin A6; CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts; CLPTM1L, cleft lip and palate transmembrane protein 1-like; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase IV; EphA2, ephrin type-A receptor 2; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2; Gal-9, galectin-9; GDF15, growth/differentiation factor 15; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; IDH1, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1; IFITM3, interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3; MDR-1, multidrug-resistance gene 1; MT, microtubule; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; P-gp, P-glycoprotein; POSTN, periostin; PrP, prion protein; p-STAT3, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Tim-3, T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule 3; TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.