Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of enrolled patients
| Variables | Development cohort (n, %) | Validation cohort (n, %) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.643 | ||
| Male | 77 (53.1%) | 29 (56.9%) | |
| Female | 68 (46.9%) | 22 (43.1%) | |
| Age, years | 0.872 | ||
| ≤ 60 | 53 (36.6%) | 18 (35.3%) | |
| > 60 | 92 (63.4%) | 33 (64.7%) | |
| Tumor location | 0.321 | ||
| head | 125 (86.2%) | 41 (80.4%) | |
| body and tail | 20 (13.8%) | 10 (19.6%) | |
| Maximum diameter of tumor | 0.071 | ||
| ≤ 4 cm | 92 (63.4%) | 25 (49.0%) | |
| > 4 cm | 53 (36.6%) | 26 (51.0%) | |
| Differentiated degree | 0.805 | ||
| High | 15 (10.3%) | 7 (13.7%) | |
| Medium | 92 (63.4%) | 31 (60.8%) | |
| Low | 38 (26.2%) | 13 (25.5%) | |
| AJCC staging | 0.848 | ||
| I | 23 (15.9%) | 7 (13.7%) | |
| II | 96 (66.2%) | 36 (70.6%) | |
| III | 26 (17.9%) | 8 (15.7%) | |
| T staging | 0.192 | ||
| T1 | 24 (16.6%) | 6 (11.8%) | |
| T2 | 68 (46.9%) | 19 (37.3%) | |
| T3 | 53 (36.6%) | 26 (51.0%) | |
| N staging | 0.872 | ||
| N0 | 49 (33.8%) | 17 (33.3%) | |
| N1 | 69 (47.6%) | 26 (51.0%) | |
| N2 | 27 (18.6%) | 8 (15.7%) | |
| Vascular invasion | 0.423 | ||
| No | 73 (50.3%) | 29 (56.9%) | |
| Yes | 72 (49.7%) | 22 (43.1%) | |
| Nerve invasion | 0.226 | ||
| No | 71 (49.0%) | 30 (58.8%) | |
| Yes | 74 (51.0%) | 21 (41.2%) | |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 0.686 | ||
| < 24 | 72 (49.7%) | 27 (52.9%) | |
| ≥ 24 | 73 (50.3%) | 24 (47.1%) | |
| CEA (ng/ml) | 0.639 | ||
| ≤ 5 | 36 (24.8%) | 11 (21.6%) | |
| > 5 | 109 (75.2%) | 40 (78.4%) | |
| CA19-9 (U/ml) | 0.906 | ||
| ≤ 37 | 64 (44.1%) | 23 (45.1%) | |
| > 37 | 81 (55.9%) | 28 (54.9%) | |
| Smoking history | 0.201 | ||
| No | 110 (75.9%) | 34 (66.7%) | |
| Yes | 35 (24.1%) | 17 (33.3%) | |
| Drinking history | 0.33 | ||
| No | 107 (73.8%) | 34 (66.7%) | |
| Yes | 38 (26.2%) | 17 (33.3%) | |
| Hypertension | 0.51 | ||
| No | 98 (67.6%) | 37 (72.5%) | |
| Yes | 47 (32.4%) | 14 (27.5%) | |
| Diabetes | 0.269 | ||
| No | 116 (80.0%) | 37 (72.5%) | |
| Yes | 29 (20.0%) | 14 (27.5%) | |
| Clinical symptoms | 0.29 | ||
| No | 8 (5.5%) | 5 (9.8%) | |
| Yes | 137 (94.5%) | 46 (90.2%) | |
| Therapeutic regimen | 0.935 | ||
| Surgery alone | 61 (42.1%) | 22 (43.1%) | |
| Surgery + chemotherapy | 67 (46.2%) | 23 (45.1%) | |
| Surgery + radiotherapy | 3 (2.1%) | 1 (2.0%) | |
| Surgery + chemoradiotherapy | 2 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Other | 12 (8.3%) | 5 (9.8%) | |