Figure 3.

Exo repress immune escape and immunosuppression in PDAC. (A) The protein expression of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in PDAC cells treated with PBS or Exo. (B) Co-culture Exo- or PBS-treated PDAC cells with activated T cells. (C) Surviving PDAC cells examined using crystal violet staining. (D) The levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α, the immune effectors released by T cells, examined by ELISA. (E) Volume changes of xenograft tumors. (F) Weight of xenograft tumors. (G) Immunohistochemical detection of CD8⁺ T cell infiltration and expression of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in xenograft tumors. *P < 0.05. Data are shown as mean ± SD of three technical replicates (n = 5). Unpaired t-test (F) and two-way ANOVA (A, C-E, G) were used for data comparison.