Table 2.

Pharmacological treatments of RLS in PD patients.

	Recommended Dose	Benefits	Side Effects
Levodopa	200-300mg [80]	improve nighttime RLS symptoms; improve overnight motor and non-motor symptoms; reduce pain	aggravate RLS; symptoms rebound in the morning; dyskinesia
Dopaminergic agonists
Pramipexole	0.375- 4.5 mg [74]	improve nighttime RLS symptoms; improve overnight motor and non-motor symptoms; reduce pain	visual hallucinations; daytime somnolence; sudden sleep attack; fatigue; nausea; ICD; orthostatic hypotension; edema
Ropinirole	0.25-4.0mg [81]	improve nighttime RLS symptoms; improve overnight motor and non-motor symptoms	aggravate RLS; dyskinesia; headache; dizziness; daytime somnolence; nausea; leg edema
Rotigotine	2-16mg [82]	improve nighttime RLS symptoms; improve overnight and early morning motor performance; reduce nocturia	local site reactions; dyskinesias; headache; dizziness; daytime somnolence; fatigue; nausea
α2δ ligands
Gabapentin	800 mg (100 mg for patients >65 years initial daily dose) (200 mg for patients with uraemia) [56, 83]	improve nighttime RLS symptoms; reduce pain	dizziness; daytime somnolence; peripheral edema
Pregabalin	150-450 mg (50 mg for patients >65 years initial daily dose) [56, 83]	improve nighttime RLS symptoms;improve subjective nighttime sleep; reduce pain	dizziness; daytime somnolence; headache; fatigue
Gabapentin enacarbil	600-1200 mg (300 mg for patients >65 years initial daily dose) [56, 83]	improve nighttime RLS symptoms; reduce pain	daytime somnolence; headache; fatigue
Others
Apomorphine	18- 48 mg [84]	improve nighttime RLS symptoms; reduce pain and spasm	rebound morning stiffness; subcutaneous nodules