Table 4.

Pharmacological treatments of EDS in PD patients.

	Recommended Dose	Benefits	Side Effects
Melatonin	3-5mg [44, 53]	reduce EDS; improve subjective sleep quality	daytime somnolence ; mild headaches; fatigue
Dopaminergic agonists
Ropinirole immediate-release	4-30 [127]	reduce EDS; improved subjective quality of sleep	hallucination; dyskinesia; dizziness; daytime somnolence; orthostatic hypotension; leg edema; nausea
Ropinirole prolonged-release	4-30 [127]	reduce EDS; improved subjective quality of sleep	hallucination; dyskinesia; dizziness; daytime somnolence; orthostatic hypotension; leg edema; nausea
Others
Modafinil	100–200mg [135]	reduce EDS; reduce sudden sleep attack	headache; nausea; dry mouth; anorexia; elevate blood pressure and heart rate
Sodium oxybate	3-9 g [131, 136]	reduce EDS; reduce sudden sleep attack; improve subjective and objective of nighttime sleep; reduce fatigue	suppress breathing; induce OSA; induce insomnia; aggravate EDS; rebound morning tremor; dizziness; nocturia; nausea; reduced alertness
Methylphenidate	10-80mg [132]	reduce EDS; improving PD motor symptoms	insomnia; psychosis; headache; reduced appetite; nausea
Istradefylline	20–40mg [133]	reduce EDS	dizziness; nausea; constipation