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. 2021 Nov 15;19(11):1805–1824. doi: 10.2174/1570159X19666210211150856

Table 3.

Frequency of major malformations among different dose categories of AEDs.

AEDs &
Studies
Dose
(mg/day)
Number of pregnancies exposed Number of congenital malformations Prevalence/ Percentage of congenital malformations Confidence interval P value
Phenytoin - - - - - -
Kaneko, 1999
(Japan, Italy and Canada)
50≤ to <100 8 0 0.0a NA 0.220
100≤ to <200 21 1 4.8a NA
- 200≤ to <300 60 5 8.3a NA
- 300≤ to <400 37 5 13.5a NA
- 400≤ 6 1 16.7a NA
Phenobarbital - - - - - -
Tomson, 2018 (EURAP) ≤80 73 2 2.7 0.3–9.5 0.0390
80< to ≤130 161 10 6.2 3.0–11.1 --
130< 60 7 11.7 4.8–22.6 --
  - - - - -
Kaneko, 1999
(Japan, Italy and Canada)
≤50 6 1 16.7a NA 0.120
50≤ to <100 14 1 7.1a NA
100≤ to <150 28 2 7.1a NA
150≤ to <300 29 0 0.0a NA
300≤ 2 0 0.0a NA
Carbamazepine - - - - - -
Tomson, 2018 (EURAP) ≤700 1276 58 4.5 3.5–5.8 0.0140
>700 681 49 7.2 5.4–9.4 --
  - - - - -
Campbell, 2014 (UKEPR) ≤500 721 14 1.9 1.2–3.2 -
500< to ≤1000 739 20 2.7 1.8–4.1 0.33b
1000< 170 9 5.3 2.7–9.5 0.01b
Morrow, 2006 (UKEPR) <400 401 7 1.7 0.8–3.6 -
400 to 1000 385 10 2.6 1.4–4.7 -
1000< 92 3 3.3 1.1–9.2 -
Kaneko, 1999
(Japan, Italy and Canada)
200≤ to <400 25 1 4.0a NA 0.673
400≤ to <600 23 2 8.7a NA
- 600≤ to <800 45 2 4.4a NA
- 800≤ to <1000 35 2 5.7a NA
- 1000≤ 30 2 6.7a NA
Valproate - - - - - -
Tomson, 2018 (EURAP) ≤650 600 38 6.3 4.5–8.6 <0.0001
650< to ≤1450 666 75 11.3 9.0–13.9 --
1450< 115 29 25.2 17.6–34.2 --
  - - - - -
Tomson, 2015 (EURAP) <700 648 39 6.0 4.4–8.1 <0.0001
700≤ to <1500 755 81 10.7 8.7–13.1
1500≤ 185 44 23.8 18.2–30.4
  - - - - -
Campbell, 2014 (UKEPR) <600 476 24 5.0 3.4–7.4 -
600≤ to <1000 426 26 6.1 4.2–8.8 0.49b
1000≤ 297 31 10.4 7.4–14.4 0.0045b
Hernandez-Diaz, 2012 (NAAPR) 1≤ to <500 NA NA Under 5%e NA NA
501≤ to <999 NA NA Between 5-10%e NA NA
1000≤ to ≤1500 NA NA Between 10-15%e NA NA
- 1500< NA NA Above 25%e NA NA
Diav-Citrin, 2008 (Israeli Teratogen Information Service) <1000 78 1 1.3 NA 0.001b
1000≤ 32 7 21.9 NA
Morrow, 2006 (UKEPR) <600 266 11 4.1 2.3–7.3 -
600 to 1000 247 15 6.1 3.7–9.8 -
1000< 186 17 9.1 5.8–14.1 -
Artama, 2005 (Finnish Medical Birth Registry) ≤1500 NA 23 (95/1000 prevalence) OR 3.68 (1.97–6.86) d
1500< NA 5 (238/1000 prevalence) OR 10.89 (2.90–34.3) d
Kaneko, 1999
(Japan, Italy and Canada)
<600 19 0 0.0a NA 0.004
600≤ to <800 19 1 5.3a NA
- 800≤ to <1000 16 0 0.0a NA
- 1000≤ 17 8 47.1a NA
Lamotrigine - - - - - -
Tomson, 2018 (EURAP) ≤325 1870 46 2.5 1.8–3.3 0.0145
325< 644 28 4.3 2.9–6.2 --
  - - - - -
Campbell, 2014 (UKEPR) ≤200 1143 24 2.1 1.4–3.1 -
200< to ≤400 665 16 2.4 1.5–4.0 0.67b
400< 267 9 3.4 1.9–6.5 0.22b
Cunnington, 2011(GSK Pregnancy Registries) >0–100 276 7c 2,5 NA NA
101–200 556 9c 1,6 NA NA
201–300 274 10c 3,6 NA NA
301–400 220 3c 1,4 NA NA
401–600 153 5c 3,3 NA NA
601–1,200 44 7c 0,0 NA NA
Molgaard-Nielsen, 2011 (Danish Medical Birth Registry) ≤250 766 31 4.0 adjOR 1.29 (0.88-1.90) d
250< 253 7 2.8 adjOR 0.84 (0.39-1.82) d
Morrow, 2006 (UKEPR) <100 151 2 1.3 0.4–4.7 -
100 to 200 208 4 1.9 0.8–4.8 -
200< 279 15 5.4 3.3–8.7 -

a Percentages were calculated from the raw data in the article. b Compared with the lowest dose range c Number of congenital malformations were calculated from the raw data in the article. d Comparisons were done using the unexposed group. g These data were extracted from the figure in the respective article.