Table 1.
Gut microbiota disturbances (families, genera, and species) in multiple sclerosis compared with healthy controls.
| Increased | References | Decreased | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Escherichia | [70] | Faecalibacterium | [70, 100, 101, 104] |
| Shigella | [70] | Eubacterium (E. rectale) | [70, 101, 104] |
| Clostridium | [70, 100, 101, 104, 105] | Corynebacterium | [70] |
| Firmicutes | [70] |
Fusobacteria (genus Fusobacterium or Leptotrichia) |
[70, 106] |
| Blautia | [104, 107] | Bacteroides | [70, 104, 107] |
| Dorea | [104, 107] | Parabacteroides | [104, 107] |
| Streptococcus | [101, 104] | Prevotella | [101, 104, 107, 108] |
| Ruminococcus | [100, 104] | Butyricimonas | [104, 108] |
| Acinetobacter | [94, 104] | Lachnospiraceae | [104, 106] |
| Bifidobacterium | [101, 104, 106] | Ruminococcaceae | [104, 106] |
| Eggerthella | [101, 104] | Lactobacillus | [104, 107] |
| Pseudomonas | [104, 107] | Coprobacillus | [104, 107] |
| Mycoplana | [104, 107] | Erysipelotrichaceae | [104, 107] |
| Haemophilus | [104, 107] | Veillonellaceae | [104, 107] |
| Bilophila | [104, 106] | Collinsella | [104, 107, 108] |
| Sutterella | [101, 104] | Adlercreutzia | [104, 107] |
| Akkermansia | [94, 95, 104, 108] | Slackia | [104, 108] |