Table 1.
Characteristics of the average diet and of high-quality, low-cost, low-environmental footprint, and more sustainable diets (MSD), by area of residence in Mexico (n = 2,438).
| Average dieta | High-quality dietb | Low-cost dietc | Low-environmental footprint dietd | More sustainable diet (MSD)e |
Non-sustainable
diet (non-MSD)f |
MSD vs.
non-MSD |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mean
(95% CI)g |
Mean
(95% CI)g |
Mean
(95% CI)g |
Mean
(95% CI)g |
Mean
(95% CI)g |
Mean
(95% CI)g |
p-value | |
| Sample size | |||||||
| Urban n (%)f | 1,636 (77.0) | 725 (41.0) | 681 (43.8) | 364 (21.8) | 84 (4.1) | 1,512 (93.4) | - |
| Ruraln (%)f | 802 (23.0) | 494 (65.6) | 538 (69.7) | 300 (38.8) | 165 (22.4) | 637 (88.5) | - |
| Daily energy intake (kcal) | |||||||
| Urban | 1,926 (1,872, 1,981) | 1,887 (1,809, 1,965) | 1,951 (1,876, 2,027) | 1,909 (1,802, 2,015) | 1,963 (1,750, 2,177) | 1,925 (1,869, 1,981) | 0.215 |
| Rural | 1,804 (1,749, 1,859)* | 1,787 (1,717, 1,857) | 1,831 (1,764, 1,898) | 1,861 (1,773, 1,949) | 1,840 (1,731, 1,949) | 1,793 (1,729, 1,858) | 0.47 |
| HEI-2015 score | |||||||
| Urban | 52.4 (51.7, 53.1) | 62.1 (61.6, 62.7) | 50.4 (49.3, 51.4) | 49.4 (48.0, 50.7) | 62.6 (60.9, 64.3) | 51.9 (51.2, 52.7) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 59.7 (58.6, 60.8)* | 66.7 (65.9, 67.6) | 59.8 (58.4, 61.2) | 59.3 (57.5, 61.1) | 66.8 (65.5, 68.0) | 57.6 (56.4, 58.9) | <0.001 |
| Daily diet cost (MXN/2,000 kcal) | |||||||
| Urban | 54.0 (52.8, 55.2) | 57.7 (56.1, 59.4) | 41.9 (41.3, 42.6) | 44.4 (42.6, 46.2) | 36.1 (33.9, 38.2) | 54.8 (53.6, 56.0) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 45.8 (44.3, 47.3)* | 45.8 (44.0, 47.6) | 38.9 (38.00, 39.78) | 39.6 (37.6, 41.6) | 35.7 (34.4, 37.1) | 48.7 (47.0, 50.5) | <0.001 |
| Daily diet cost (USD/2,000 kcal) | |||||||
| Urban | 2.8 (2.7, 2.9) | 3.0 (2.9, 3.1) | 2.2 (2.1, 2.2) | 2.3 (2.2, 2.4) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 2.8 (2.8, 2.9) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 2.4 (2.3, 2.5)* | 2.4 (2.3, 2.5) | 2.0 (2.0, 2.1) | 2.1 (1.95, 2.16) | 1.9 (1.8, 1.9) | 2.5 (2.4, 2.6) | <0.001 |
| Land use (m 2 /2,000 kcal) | |||||||
| Urban | 6.5 (6.2, 6.7) | 6.6 (6.3, 6.9) | 5.2 (5.0, 5.5) | 3.5 (3.4, 3.6) | 3.3 (3.1, 3.5) | 6.6 (6.4, 6.8) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 5.3 (344, 376)* | 5.2 (4.9, 5.5) | 4.8 (4.5, 5.0) | 3.3 (3.2, 3.5) | 3.2(3.1, 3.4) | 5.9 (5.6, 6.2) | <0.001 |
| Blue water footprint L./2,000 kcal | |||||||
| Urban | 396 (384, 409) | 458 (439, 477) | 318 (305, 330) | 256(247, 265) | 244 (223, 265) | 403 (390, 415) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 358 (342, 374)* | 380 (359, 402) | 309 (295, 323) | 241 (230, 253) | 244 (230, 258) | 391 (372, 410) | <0.001 |
| Carbon footprint kgCO2eq/2,000 kcal | |||||||
| Urban | 4.3 (4.1, 4.5) | 4.3(4.1, 4.6) | 3.3 (3.1, 3.5) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.0) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.8) | 4.4 (4.3, 4.6) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 3.2 (3.0, 3.4)* | 3.1 (2.8, 3.3) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.1) | 1.7 (1.59, 1.81) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.7) | 3.7 (3.5, 4.0) | <0.001 |
| Potential species loss per/2,000 kcal | |||||||
| Urban | 752 (696.2, 807) | 705 (636, 775) | 529 (470, 588) | 129 (111, 147) | 105 (77.6, 133) | 780 (722, 838) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 474 (414, 535)* | 420 (352, 489) | 395 (323, 468) | 102 (80.1, 124.8) | 87.4 (64.0, 110.8) | 586 (511, 661) | <0.001 |
Overall mean.
Diets with HEI-2015 above the overall median of the population (54.2).
Diets with cost below the overall median (50.9 MXN ≈ 2.6 USD).
Diets with environmental indicators below the overall median: land use (5.5 m2), blue water footprint (361 L), carbon footprint (3.4 kgCO2eq), and biodiversity loss (423 potential species loss × 10–10).
Diets that combine the criteria for high-quality, low-cost and low-environmental-footprint diets. All the groups (2–5) are non-independent.
Diets that do not meet the criteria for high-quality, low-cost and low-environmental-footprint diets.
Percentage and mean values are adjusted by the probabilistic survey design.
Indicates significant difference compared with the average diet in urban area (p < 0.05).