Table 2.
Comparison of intake of food groups among adults with and without more sustainable diets (MSD) in urban and rural areas of Mexico.
| URBAN | RURAL | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-MSDa (n = 1,512) | MSDb (n = 84) | p-value* | Non- MSDa (n = 637) | MSDb (n = 165) | p-value* | |
| Composition of diet by food groups (g) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | ||
| Whole fruits | 209 (193, 226) | 123 (103, 142) | <0.001 | 235 (211, 258) | 124 (105.5, 142) | <0.001 |
| Vegetables | 197 (187, 207) | 150 (123, 176) | 0.001 | 190 (173, 207) | 147 (130, 163) | <0.001 |
| Legumes | 18.6 (17.0, 20.2) | 24 (17.4, 30.1) | 0.088 | 28.5 (25.3, 31.8) | 27.0 (22.2, 31.9) | 0.61 |
| Whole-grain foods | 45.6 (40.6, 50.6) | 251 (190, 312) | <0.001 | 132 (113, 150) | 403 (358, 448) | <0.001 |
| Seafood and nuts | 8.9 (7.8, 9.9) | 4.9 (2.2, 7.7) | 0.008 | 6.5 (5.0, 8.1) | 8.2 (4.9, 11.5) | 0.351 |
| Dairy | 245 (229, 261) | 124 (83.5, 164) | <0.001 | 215 (193, 237) | 108 (78.3, 137) | <0.001 |
| Beef | 30.1 (27.6, 32.5) | 2.7 (1.5, 3.8) | <0.001 | 22.4 (19.2, 25.6) | 2.0 (1.0, 3.0) | <0.001 |
| Poultry | 21.6 (19.4, 23.7) | 14.0 (7.6, 20.5) | 0.021 | 19.6 (16.5, 22.7) | 8.7 (6.28, 11.20) | <0.001 |
| Eggs | 33.8 (31.1, 36.6) | 44.9 (33.6, 56.3) | 0.087 | 36.5 (32.9, 40.2) | 35.7 (28.9, 42.4) | 0.827 |
| Pork | 34.0 (31.4, 36.6) | 16.7 (12.1, 21.2) | 0.001 | 26.4 (23.5, 29.2) | 16.6 (11.29, 22.0) | <0.001 |
| Refined-grain foods | 245 (235, 255) | 229 (175, 282) | 0.567 | 195 (179, 210) | 101.8 (77.7, 125.9) | <0.001 |
| Added sugars | 43.9 (40.9, 47.0) | 20.3 (13.2, 27.4) | <0.001 | 40.6 (36.1, 45.0) | 26.6 (21.6, 31.6) | <0.001 |
| Added fats | 11.6 (11.0, 12.3) | 10.8 (7.8, 13.7) | 0.573 | 11.6 (10.3, 12.8) | 9.0 (6.53, 11.44) | 0.06 |
| Mixed processed dishes | 52.1 (47.0, 57.1) | 40.5 (28.2, 52.9) | 0.098 | 50.7 (42.3, 59.0) | 44.3 (27.0, 61.5) | 0.514 |
| Sweetened drinks | 288 (265, 311) | 183 (121, 244) | 0.002 | 217 (190, 244) | 184 (149.1, 220) | 0.169 |
| Non-sweetened drinks | 154 (135, 173) | 83.7 (36.8, 131) | 0.004 | 136 (113, 159) | 86.2 (57.4, 115) | 0.009 |
a
Adults without MSD.
b
Adults with MSD consisting of diets with HEI-2015 above the median, and diet cost and environmental indicators (land use, biodiversity loss, blue water and carbon footprint) below the median of the overall diet. The mean values presented were estimated considering the complex design of the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2012).
*
The significance was assessed at p < 0.05 using a t-test for mean comparison with survey data. MSD, more sustainable diets; HEI-2015, Healthy Eating Index.