Table 1.
Baseline demographics and variables
| Variable | All (n = 626) | Early EN (Within 48 h from ICU admission) (n = 526) | Delayed EN (> 48 h from ICU admission) (n = 100) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age (years) mean ± SD; [range] |
57.7 ± 17.0 [18.0–93.0] |
58.0 ± 16.9 [18.0–93.0] |
56.5 ± 17.4 [20.0–92.0] |
0.28 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.48 | |||
| Male | 349 (55.8) | 290 (55.1) | 59 (59.0) | |
| Female | 277 (44.2) | 236 (44.9) | 41 (41.0) | |
|
BMI mean ± SD; [range] |
28.2 ± 8.9 [13.8–78.6] |
28.3 ± 9.0 [13.8–78.6] |
27.6 ± 8.9 [14.9–70.9] |
0.28 |
|
mNUTRIC score mean ± SD; [range] |
4.9 ± 2.0 [0.0–9.0] |
5.0 ± 1.9 [0.0–9.0] |
4.3 ± 2.2 [0.0–9.0] |
0.006 |
| ≥ 5 n (%) | 361 (57.7) | 322 (61.2) | 39 (39.0) | 0.01 |
| < 5 n (%) | 223 (35.6) | 182 (34.6) | 41 (41.0) | |
| Type of admission n (%) | 0.003 | |||
| Medical | 546 (87.2) | 465 (88.4) | 81 (81.0) | |
| Surgical Elective | 18 (2.9) | 10 (1.9) | 8 (8.0) | |
| Surgical Emergency | 62 (9.9) | 51 (9.7) | 11 (11.0) | |
| Primary reason/organ system dysfunction for ICU admission, n (%) | 0.44 | |||
| Cardiovascular/vascular | 61 (9.7%) | 56 (10.6%) | 5 (5.0%) | |
| Respiratory | 273 (43.6%) | 231 (43.9%) | 42 (42.0%) | |
| Gastrointestinal | 24 (3.8%) | 18 (3.4%) | 6 (6.0%) | |
| Neurologic | 78 (12.5%) | 65 (12.4%) | 13 (13.0%) | |
| Sepsis | 109 (17.4%) | 87 (16.5%) | 22 (22.0%) | |
| Trauma | 45 (7.2%) | 38 (7.2%) | 7 (7.0%) | |
| Other | 36 (5.8%) | 31 (5.9%) | 5 (5.0%) | |
| Patients with septic shock n (%) | 301 (55.1%) | 250 (53.8%) | 51 (63.0%) | |
| Respiratory | 184 (33.7%) | 157 (33.8%) | 27 (33.3%) | 0.95 |
| Other sepsis sources n (%) | 109 (20.0%) | 87 (18.7%) | 22 (27.2%) | 0.69 |
| Central nervous system | 8 (1.5%) | 6 (1.3%) | 2 (2.5%) | 0.20 |
|
Comorbidities mean ± SD; [range] |
2.4 ± 2.1 [0.0–11.0] |
2.4 ± 2.1 [0.0–11.0] |
2.2 ± 1.9 [0.0–7.0] |
0.63 |
|
Charleson Comorbidity Index mean ± SD; [range] |
1.1 ± 1.6 [0.0–11.0] |
1.1 ± 1.6 [0.0–11.0] |
1.2 ± 1.6 [0.0–6.0] |
0.65 |
|
APACHE II Score mean ± SD; [range] |
22.6 ± 8.1 [3.0–55.0] |
22.9 ± 7.9 [5.0–55.0] |
20.9 ± 9.0 [3.0–43.0] |
0.04 |
|
SOFA Score mean ± SD; [range] |
9.4 ± 3.7 [0.0–22.0] |
9.6 ± 3.4 [0.0–22.0] |
8.7 ± 4.9 [0.0–21.0] |
0.05 |
| Baseline Nutritional Assessment | ||||
|
Nutritionally ‘high-risk’ n (%) |
0.43 | |||
| ≤ 25 | 279 (44.6) | 229 (43.5) | 50 (50.0) | |
| 25– < 35 | 234 (37.4) | 202 (38.4) | 32 (32.0) | |
| ≥ 35 | 113 (18.1) | 95 (18.1) | 18 (18.0) | |
| Moderate to severe malnutrition n (%) | 178 (28.4) | 146 (27.8) | 32 (32.0) | 0.39 |
| Frailty n (%) | 0.03 | |||
| ≥ 5 | 163 (26.0) | 129 (24.5) | 34 (34.0) | |
| 1 to 4 | 396 (63.3) | 342 (65.0) | 54 (54.0) | |
| Sarcopenia n (%) | 0.08 | |||
| ≥ 4 | 90 (14.4%) | 70 (13.3%) | 20 (20.0%) | |
| 0–3 | 536 (85.6%) | 456 (86.7%) | 80 (80.0%) | |
| From point of screening, projected duration of mechanical ventilation > 4 days | 495 (79.1%) | 411 (78.1%) | 84 (84.0%) | |
| Participating countries n (%) | < 0.01 | |||
| USA | 117 (18.7%) | 95 (18.1%) | 22 (22.0%) | |
| UK | 116 (18.5%) | 102 (19.4%) | 14 (14.0%) | |
| Canada | 110 (17.6%) | 100 (19.0%) | 10 (10.0%) | |
| Mexico | 77 (12.3%) | 71 (13.5%) | 6 (6.0%) | |
| Argentina | 48 (7.7%) | 33 (6.3%) | 15 (15.0%) | |
| Brazil | 41 (6.5%) | 20 (3.8%) | 21 (21.0%) | |
| Panama | 23 (3.7%) | 23 (4.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Saudi Arabia | 22 (3.5%) | 15 (2.9%) | 7 (7.0%) | |
| Greece | 20 (3.2%) | 19 (3.6%) | 1 (1.0%) | |
| Hong Kong | 19 (3.0%) | 16 (3.0%) | 3 (3.0%) | |
| Malaysia | 16 (2.6%) | 15 (2.9%) | 1 (1.0%) | |
| India | 8 (1.3%) | 8 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Japan | 7 (1.1%) | 7 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Australia | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Numeric variables are represented as “n” and percentage (%); mean and standard deviation (±) and [ranges]; body mass index (BMI); Nutrition Risk in Critically ill score is available only for 584 (93.2%) patients; Frailty (Clinical Frailty Scale) score is available only for 559 (89.2%) patients; Frailty (Clinical Frailty Scale); modified Nutritionally ‘high-risk’ (mNUTRIC); Body Mass Index (BMI); Sarcopenia (SARC-F score)