Table 4.

Safety outcomes

Outcomes	All (n = 626)	Early EN (Within 48 h from ICU admission) (n = 526)	Delayed EN (> 48 h from ICU admission) (n = 100)	p
Enteral feeding intolerance, n (%)
Overall EFI	161 (25)	–	–	–
High gastric residuals	45 (7.2)	39 (7.4)	6 (6.0)	0.62
Increased abdominal girth or abdominal distention	29 (4.6)	23 (4.4)	6 (6.0)	0.48
Vomiting/emesis	68 (10.9)	55 (10.5)	13 (13.0)	0.45
Diarrhea	15 (2.4)	12 (2.3)	3 (3.0)	0.67
Subjective discomfort	4 (0.6)	4 (0.8)	0 (0.0)	0.38
Labs from first 12 ICU days
Highest creatinine (n), mean ± SD; [range] µmol/L	(624) 124.0 ± 113.8 [17.8–1589.2]	(524) 123.6 ± 116.8 [17.8–1589.2]	(100) 125.9 ± 97.2 [29.2–531.5]	0.56
Highest urea/bun (n), mean ± SD; [range] mmol/L	(614) 13.3 ± 8.0 [1.8–50.7]	(515) 13.3 ± 8.3 [2.4–50.7]	(99) 13.2 ± 6.8 [1.8–32.8]	0.44
Lowest phosphate (n), mean ± SD; [range] mmol/L	(608) 1.1 ± 0.3 [0.5–2.9]	(508) 1.1 ± 0.3 [0.5–2.5]	(100) 1.1 ± 0.4 [0.6–2.9]	0.89
Highest triglycerides (n), mean ± SD; [range] mmol/L	(166) 2.3 ± 1.7 [0.3–16.8]	(140) 2.3 ± 1.8 [0.3–16.8]	(26) 2.0 ± 1.1 [0.3–5.5]	0.58

Numeric variables are represented as “n” and percentage (%); mean and standard deviation (±) and [ranges]; EFI enteral feeding intolerance, EN enteral nutrition