Table 2.
Pooled HRs (95% confidence intervals) of coronary heart disease for total whole grains consumption in Nurses’ Health Study (1984–2014), Nurses’ Health Study II (1991–2017), and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986–2016)
| Total whole grain consumptions | P trend | Per one daily serving | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |||
| NHS | |||||||
| Median, g/day | 3.2 | 7.8 | 12.5 | 18.9 | 34.4 | ||
| Cases/person years | 1010/397,202 | 790/396,834 | 722/398,587 | 669/399,124 | 710/398,560 | ||
| Age-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.71, 0.86) | 0.69 (0.63, 0.76) | 0.61 (0.55, 0.67) | 0.58 (0.52, 0.64) | <.0001 | 0.81 (0.77, 0.85) |
| Multivariable-adjusted modela | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.80, 0.96) | 0.84 (0.76, 0.92) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.87) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.88) | 0.002 | 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) |
| NHSII | |||||||
| Median, g/day | 6.7 | 13.7 | 20.1 | 27.7 | 41.1 | ||
| Cases/person years | 263/465,042 | 196/465,604 | 142/466,968 | 107/467,520 | 109/466,930 | ||
| Age-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.65, 0.95) | 0.58 (0.47, 0.71) | 0.43 (0.34, 0.54) | 0.42 (0.34, 0.53) | <.0001 | 0.66 (0.60, 0.73) |
| Multivariable-adjusted modela | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.77, 1.12) | 0.77 (0.63, 0.95) | 0.62 (0.49, 0.79) | 0.63 (0.50, 0.80) | <.0001 | 0.80 (0.73, 0.87) |
| HPFS | |||||||
| Median, g/day | 4.6 | 12.0 | 19.7 | 29.3 | 46.8 | ||
| Cases/person years | 1182/193,927 | 978/194,734 | 888/195,423 | 845/195,433 | 850/195,576 | ||
| Age-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.77, 0.91) | 0.75 (0.69, 0.82) | 0.69 (0.63, 0.76) | 0.66 (0.60, 0.72) | <.0001 | 0.89 (0.87, 0.92) |
| Multivariable adjusted modela | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.81, 0.97) | 0.83 (0.76, 0.90) | 0.80 (0.73, 0.88) | 0.77 (0.71, 0.85) | <.0001 | 0.94 (0.91, 0.96) |
| Pool resultsb | |||||||
| Cases/person years | 2455/1,056,171 | 1964/1,057,172 | 1752/1,060,978 | 1621/1,062,077 | 1669/1,061,066 | ||
| Age-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.76, 0.86) | 0.71 (0.67, 0.75) | 0.63 (0.60, 0.68) | 0.60 (0.57, 0.64) | <.0001 | 0.86 (0.84, 0.87) |
| Multivariable-adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.88) | 0.78 (0.73, 0.83) | 0.77 (0.72, 0.82) | <.0001 | 0.93 (0.90, 0.95) |
aAdjusted for age (years), ethnicity (white, African American, Asian, others), updated body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) (<21.0, 21.0–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–26.9, 27.0–29.9, 30.0–32.9, 33.0–34.9, or ≥35.0 kg/m2), smoking status (never smoked, past smoker, currently smoke 1–14 cigarettes per day, 15–24 cigarettes per day, or ≥25 cigarettes per day), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–9.9, 10.0–14.9, 15.0–29.9, and ≥30.0 g/day), baseline diabetes (yes, no), multivitamin use (yes, no), physical activity (quintiles), modified alternative healthy eating index (quintiles, whole grain component was excluded), total energy (quintiles), and family history of MI (yes, no). For women, postmenopausal hormone use (never, former, or current hormone use, or missing) and oral contraceptive use (yes, no) were further adjusted
bStudy estimates from three cohorts were pooled using a fixed effects model