Table 3.
Pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of coronary heart disease for individual whole grain food consumption in Nurses’ Health Study (1984–2014), Nurses’ Health Study II (1991–2017), and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986–2016)
| Consumptions | P trend | Per one daily serving | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 1 serving/month | 1 serving/month to 1 serving/week | 1 serving/week to 4–6 servings/week | ≥1 servings/day | |||
| Whole grain cold breakfast cereal | ||||||
| Cases/person-time | 3819/1,659,126 | 1805/1,069,850 | 2485/1,875,639 | 1352/692,849 | ||
| Multivariable adjusted modela | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.86, 0.96) | 0.75 (0.71, 0.79) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.89) | <.0001 | 0.81 (0.77, 0.87) |
| Dark bread | ||||||
| Cases/person-time | 1192/585,183 | 2067/1,070,944 | 2826/1,946,391 | 3376/1,694,945 | ||
| Multivariable adjusted modela | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 0.86 (0.80, 0.92) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) | 0.41 | 0.99 (0.96, 1.01) |
| Popcorn | ||||||
| Cases/person-time | 3522/1,274,468 | 4218/2,662,637 | 1381/1,151,269 | 340/209,090 | ||
| Multivariable adjusted modela | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.94, 1.03) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.22) | 0.73 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) |
| < 1 serving/month | 1 serving/month to 1 serving/week | ≥2 servings/week | ||||
| Oatmeal | ||||||
| Cases/person-time | 5243/2,601,706 | 3063/1,930,893 | 1155/764,866 | |||
| Multivariable adjusted modela | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.90, 0.99) | 0.79 (0.74, 0.84) | 0.007 | 0.84 (0.75, 0.95) | |
| Brown rice | ||||||
| Cases/person-time | 6002/3,021,014 | 3039/1,913,498 | 420/362,950 | |||
| Multivariable adjusted modela | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.87) | 0.02 | 0.76 (0.61, 0.95) | |
| Added bran | ||||||
| Cases/person-time | 7456/4,184,117 | 1086/644,738 | 919/468,610 | |||
| Multivariable adjusted modela | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.87, 0.99) | 0.84 (0.78, 0.90) | 0.007 | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) | |
| Wheat germ | ||||||
| Cases/person-time | 8645/4,813,315 | 540/344,426 | 276/139,724 | |||
| Multivariable adjusted modela | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | 0.87 (0.77, 0.99) | 0.06 | 0.86 (0.74, 1.01) | |
aAdjusted for age (years), ethnicity (white, African American, Asian, others), body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) (<21.0, 21.0–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–26.9, 27.0–29.9, 30.0–32.9, 33.0–34.9, or ≥35.0 kg/m2), smoking status (never smoked, past smoker, currently smoke 1–14 cigarettes per day, 15–24 cigarettes per day, or ≥25 cigarettes per day), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–9.9, 10.0–14.9, 15.0–29.9, and ≥30.0 g/day), baseline diabetes (yes, no), multivitamin use (yes, no), physical activity (quintiles), modified alternative healthy eating index (quintiles, whole grain component was excluded), total energy (quintiles), and family history of MI (yes, no). For women, postmenopausal hormone use (never, former, or current hormone use, or missing) and oral contraceptive use were further adjusted
Study estimates from three cohorts were pooled using a fixed effects model