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. 2022 Jun 9;29:38. doi: 10.1186/s12929-022-00820-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Chromatin remodeling and its implications on SRF signaling- Epigenetic changes play important roles in facilitating the activation of various transcription factors. After chromatin decondensation facilitated by histone acetyltransferases, the CArG site is available for SRF binding to induce transcription. This effect may be reversed by the action of histone deacetylases, resulting in chromatin condensation and rendering the CArG site unavailable for binding. Furthermore, mechanisms by which CAMK IV or HDAC6 regulates the SRF activation are observed; CAMK IV inhibits HDAC activation and promotes HAT activation, resulting in myocardin-SRF transcriptional activation. In contrast, HDAC6 prohibits MRTF-SRF activation, resulting in suppressed SRF transcriptional activity. HAT histone acetyltransferase; HDAC histone deacetylases; SRF serum response factor; and MRTF myocardin-related transcription factor