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. 2022 May;11(5):858–868. doi: 10.21037/tlcr-22-311

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2022 Translational Lung Cancer Research. All rights reserved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

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Differentiation of M1, M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d macrophages. Naïve macrophages from wildtype mice were differentiated into M1, M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d macrophages by established methods. (A,B) Expression of polarization markers was analyzed by RT-qPCR (A) and by ELISA (B). *, P<0.05 (red *: M2d vs. others; green *: M2c vs. others; blue *: M2b vs. M2a or M2c or M2d). N=5. Mϕ: macrophages. iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; ARG1, arginase 1; IL, interleukin; TGFβ1, transforming growth factor beta 1; VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor A; RT-qPCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.