Table 1. Preoperative characteristics of patients according to difficulty of liver resection stratified per approach.
| Characteristics | Low difficulty | Intermediate difficulty | High difficulty | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MILS (n=262) | Open (n=262) | P | MILS (n=232) | Open (n=232) | P | MILS (n=218) | Open (n=218) | P | |||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 65.2±6.5 | 64.3±6.4 | ns | 63.6±7.4 | 63.9±8.1 | ns | 64.8 ± 6.7 | 65.9±7.2 | ns | ||
| Sex, n (%) | ns | ns | ns | ||||||||
| Male | 135 (51.5) | 134 (51.1) | 117 (50.4) | 119 (51.3) | 127 (58.3) | 125 (57.3) | |||||
| Female | 127 (48.5) | 128 (48.9) | 115 (49.6) | 113 (48.7) | 91 (41.7) | 93 (42.7) | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25.2±4.5 | 24.9±4.7 | ns | 24.2±4.1 | 24.6±5.3 | ns | 24.5±3.8 | 24.7±3.1 | ns | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 61 (23.3) | 63 (24.0) | ns | 84 (36.2) | 86 (37.1) | ns | 71 (32.6) | 69 (31.7) | ns | ||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 27 (10.3) | 25 (9.5) | ns | 49 (21.1) | 44 (19.0) | ns | 41 (18.8) | 43 (19.7) | ns | ||
| Heart disease, n (%) | 39 (14.9) | 32 (12.2) | ns | 41 (17.7) | 43 (18.5) | ns | 42 (19.3) | 47 (21.6) | ns | ||
| Pulmonary disease, n(%) | 7 (2.7) | 5 (1.9) | ns | 15 (6.5) | 17 (7.3) | ns | 11 (5.0) | 9 (4.1) | ns | ||
| ASA score, n (%) | ns | ns | ns | ||||||||
| 1 | 27 (10.3) | 25 (9.5) | 26 (11.2) | 25 (10.8) | 23 (10.6) | 20 (9.2) | |||||
| 2 | 118 (45.0) | 119 (45.9) | 111 (47.8) | 113 (48.7) | 124 (56.9) | 126 (57.8) | |||||
| 3 | 117 (44.7) | 118 (45.0) | 95 (40.9) | 94 (40.5) | 71 (32.6) | 72 (33.0) | |||||
| Underlying liver disease, n (%) | ns | ns | ns | ||||||||
| None | 80 (30.5) | 78 (29.8) | 57 (24.6) | 55 (23.7) | 52 (23.9) | 50 (22.9) | |||||
| Steatosis | 89 (34.0) | 91 (34.7) | 78 (33.6) | 80 (34.5) | 65 (29.8) | 69 (31.7) | |||||
| Chronic liver disease | 64 (24.4) | 66 (25.2) | 55 (23.7) | 58 (25.0) | 56 (25.7) | 60 (27.5) | |||||
| Cirrhosis | 29 (11.1) | 27 (10.3) | 42 (18.1) | 39 (16.8) | 45 (20.6) | 39 (17.9) | |||||
| Previous abdominal surgery, n (%) | 59 (22.5) | 63 (24.0) | ns | 101 (43.5) | 103 (44.4) | ns | 151 (69.3) | 148 (67.9) | ns | ||
MILS, minimally invasive liver resection surgery; BMI, body mass index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.