Table 3. Intra- and postoperative outcome of procedures according to difficulty of liver resection stratified per approach.
| Outcome | Low difficulty | Intermediate difficulty | High difficulty | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MILS (n=262) | Open (n=262) | P | MILS (n=232) | Open (n=232) | P | MILS (n=218) | Open (n=218) | P | |||
| Pringle maneuver, n (%) | 212 (80.9) | 200 (76.3) | ns | 218 (94.0) | 207 (89.2) | ns | 215 (98.6) | 213 (97.7) | ns | ||
| Length of surgery (min), mean ± SD | 145±60 | 105±70 | <0.05 | 183±69 | 163±69 | <0.05 | 229±96 | 220±120 | ns | ||
| Blood loss (mL), mean ± SD | 150±100 | 250±150 | <0.05 | 200±60 | 350±200 | <0.05 | 350±150 | 600±200 | <0.05 | ||
| Associated procedures, n (%) | 19 (7.3) | 20 (7.6) | ns | 76 (32.8) | 79 (34.1) | ns | 113 (51.8) | 105 (48.2) | ns | ||
| Surgical margin, n (%) | ns | ns | ns | ||||||||
| R0 | 258 (98.5) | 256 (97.7) | 222 (95.7) | 224 (96.6) | 205 (94.0) | 204 (93.6) | |||||
| R1 | 4 (1.5) | 6 (2.3) | 10 (4.3) | 12 (5.2) | 13 (6.0) | 14 (6.4) | |||||
| Surgical margin (mm), mean ± SD | 10±3 | 9±4 | ns | 8±6 | 8±4 | ns | 5±5 | 6±5 | ns | ||
| Intraoperative blood transfusions, n (%) | 11 (4.2) | 15 (5.7) | ns | 23 (9.9) | 31 (13.4) | <0.05 | 44 (20.2) | 53 (24.3) | <0.05 | ||
| Postoperative blood transfusions, n (%) | 23 (8.8) | 29 (11.1) | <0.05 | 37 (15.9) | 48 (20.7) | <0.05 | 51 (23.4) | 67 (30.7) | <0.05 | ||
| Conversion, n (%) | 18 (6.9) | 27 (11.6) | 38 (17.4) | ||||||||
| Morbidity, n (%) | 23 (8.8) | 35 (13.4) | <0.05 | 42 (18.1) | 57 (24.6) | <0.05 | 61 (28.0) | 82 (37.6) | <0.05 | ||
| Grade of complications, n (%) | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | ||||||||
| Minor | 16 (6.1) | 25 (9.5) | 24 (10.3) | 34 (14.7) | 41 (18.8) | 56 (25.7) | |||||
| Major | 7 (2.7) | 10 (3.8) | 18 (7.8) | 23 (9.9) | 20 (9.2) | 26 (11.9) | |||||
| Mortality, n (%) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.8) | ns | 1 (0.4) | 3 (1.3) | ns | 2 (0.9) | 4 (1.8) | ns | ||
| Length of stay (days), mean ± SD | 3±1 | 4±2 | ns | 4±1 | 5±2 | ns | 5±1 | 7±3 | <0.05 | ||
MILS, minimally invasive liver resection surgery.