Table 1.
Gender-specific participants’ characteristics according to the presence of depressive symptomsa
| Total participants | P-valueb | Female public servants | P-valueb | Male public servants | P-valueb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No depression, n = 1772 | Depression, n = 1362 | No depression, n = 763 | Depression, n = 856 | No depression, n = 1009 | Depression, n = 506 | ||||
| Age, y | 42.1 ± 10.5 | 39.2 ± 10.5 | < 0.001 | 39.7 ± 10.2 | 37.3 ± 10.0 | < 0.001 | 43.9 ± 10.3 | 42.3 ± 10.5 | 0.004 |
| Urban residence, % | 45.7 | 62.3 | 0.112 | 58.4 | 62.3 | 0.108 | 36.2 | 38.0 | 0.477 |
| Education,% | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.303 | ||||||
| ≤ High school | 19.2 | 16.0 | 12.2 | 11.0 | 24.5 | 27.5 | |||
| Vocational | 22.2 | 19.7 | 19.3 | 18.7 | 24.5 | 21.5 | |||
| University or above | 58.6 | 64.3 | 64.5 | 70.3 | 51.0 | 51.0 | |||
| Occupation, % | 0.091 | 0.069 | 0.519 | ||||||
| Professional | 54.2 | 61.2 | 63.3 | 68.4 | 47.3 | 49.0 | |||
| Cleric | 31.5 | 25.5 | 25.7 | 21.3 | 35.9 | 32.6 | |||
| Manual or technical | 14.3 | 13.3 | 11.0 | 10.3 | 16.8 | 18.4 | |||
| Household income, % | 0.545 | 0.609 | 0.467 | ||||||
| Lowest | 23.5 | 24.1 | 24.9 | 24.7 | 22.5 | 23.3 | |||
| Middle | 74.4 | 72.8 | 72.5 | 71.7 | 76.0 | 74.9 | |||
| Highest | 2.1 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 1.5 | 1.8 | |||
| Smoking habit, % | 0.322 | 0.051 | |||||||
| Never | 77.7 | 85.1 | 0.073 | 99.2 | 99.5 | 61.5 | 60.9 | ||
| Former | 16.3 | 12.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 28.3 | 32.2 | |||
| Current | 6.0 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 10.2 | 6.9 | |||
| Marital status, % | < 0.001 | 0.012 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Single | 8.9 | 15.6 | 12.2 | 17.3 | 6.5 | 12.7 | |||
| Divorced | 1.4 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 0.8 | 1.3 | |||
| Widowed | 2.8 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 4.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | |||
| Married | 86.9 | 78.8 | 80.3 | 74.9 | 91.9 | 85.2 | |||
| Working spouse, % | 38.0 | 24.7 | < 0.001 | 35.3 | 20.9 | < 0.001 | 40.0 | 31.2 | 0.003 |
| Type of family, % | 0.004 | 0.009 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Nuclear | 82.3 | 72.2 | 77.7 | 71.0 | 85.9 | 79.2 | |||
| Multigeneration | 16.5 | 25.9 | 21.2 | 27.7 | 13.0 | 17.8 | |||
| Living alone | 1.2 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 3.0 | |||
| Number of family members, n | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 3.3 ± 1.9 | 0.123 | 3.1 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 0.029 | 3.9 ± 1.8 | 3.8 ± 1.9 | 0.189 |
| Number of children in the family, n | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 0.379 | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 0.187 | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 1.3 ± 1.4 | 0.248 |
| Working hours, h/d | 7.1 ± 1.6 | 7.2 ± 1.7 | 0.031 | 6.8 ± 1.4 | 6.8 ± 1.6 | 0.501 | 7.4 ± 1.6 | 7.7 ± 1.8 | 0.002 |
| Night shift job, % | 16.8 | 22.1 | < 0.001 | 12.5 | 19.7 | < 0.001 | 20.2 | 26.3 | 0.007 |
| Additional work, % | 25.1 | 29.7 | < 0.001 | 10.2 | 16.5 | < 0.001 | 43.0 | 48.0 | 0.064 |
| High work demands, % | 45.3 | 70.7 | < 0.001 | 44.3 | 69.3 | < 0.001 | 46.1 | 73.1 | < 0.001 |
| Low job control, % | 43.0 | 66.9 | < 0.001 | 38.4 | 65.2 | < 0.001 | 46.7 | 69.8 | < 0.001 |
| High social support at work, % | 61.3 | 40.7 | < 0.001 | 67.0 | 45.2 | < 0.001 | 57.0 | 33.2 | < 0.001 |
| High social support at family, % | 47.5 | 31.4 | < 0.001 | 49.7 | 33.1 | < 0.001 | 45.8 | 28.7 | < 0.001 |
| Medical history of chronic disease, % | 26.2 | 29.2 | 0.172 | 24.9 | 29.1 | 0.063 | 27.1 | 29.3 | 0.366 |
| Past history of depression, % | 6.7 | 18.7 | < 0.001 | 8.7 | 20.4 | < 0.001 | 5.3 | 16.0 | < 0.001 |
a CESD scores > = 16 were used to define the group of public servants with depressive symptoms
b According to the independent sample t-test or the Chi-square test