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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 9.
Published in final edited form as: Compr Physiol. 2022 Mar 9;12(2):3193–3279. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c200033

Figure 3.

Figure 3

This figure illustrates exercise benefits across the lifespan. Normal age-related changes affect physiological resilience to environmental or genetic stressors, while the susceptibility to metabolic, cardiovascular, and other risk factors increases. Exercise improves multiple functions and physiological indices of wellness. Pie chart slices are greyed out when (i) the physiological index shown is not relevant for a given age (either no longer growing/developing or process has not yet begun to decline) or (ii) the physiological index has not been sufficiently studied in a population at that life stage.