TABLE 4.
Crude and adjusted OR and 95% CI for ASD or DDa per gestational weight gain categories
| ASD | ASD with ID | ASD without ID | DD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjustedb | Crude | Adjustedb | Crude | Adjustedb | Crude | Adjustedb | |
| Maternal exposure | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| N° cases = 1,069 | N° cases = 650 | N° cases = 407 | N° cases = 1,492 | |||||
| N° controls = 1,533 | N° controls = 1,533 | N° controls = 1,533 | N° controls = 1,533 | |||||
| GWG-for-GA z scorec | ||||||||
| 1st tertile | 1.03 (0.85–1.26) | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) | 1.03 (0.81–1.30) | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) | 1.03 (0.77–1.36) | 1.00 (0.75–1.34) | 1.22 (1.02–1.45) | 1.10 (0.91–1.32) |
| 2nd tertile | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 3rd tertile | 1.29 (1.07–1.56) | 1.22 (1.00–1.49) | 1.24 (0.99–1.55) | 1.17 (0.92–1.48) | 1.35 (1.03–1.75) | 1.26 (0.96–1.65) | 1.16 (0.97–1.38) | 1.14 (0.95–1.36) |
| N° cases = 1,089 | N° cases = 666 | N° cases = 411 | N° cases = 1,512 | |||||
| N° controls = 1,556 | N° controls = 1,556 | N° controls = 1,556 | N° controls = 1,556 | |||||
| GWG rate per IOM guidelines | ||||||||
| Inadequate | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | 0.97 (0.75–1.26) | 1.23 (0.91–1.66) | 1.01 (0.73–1.39) | 0.89 (0.63–1.26) | 0.89 (0.62–1.26) | 1.41 (1.12–1.77) | 1.19 (0.94–1.50) |
| Adequate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Excessive | 1.14 (0.92–1.41) | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | 1.28 (0.99–1.66) | 1.17 (0.89–1.53) | 0.96 (0.72–1.28) | 0.92 (0.68–1.23) | 1.23 (1.01–1.50) | 1.18 (0.97–1.45) |
ASD, autism spectrum disorder; DD, developmental disorders; GA, gestational age; GWG, gestational weight gain; ID, intellectual disability (IQ ≤ 70); IOM, Institute of Medicine; OR, odds ratio.
a
Compared with population-based control group (n = 1,573 for GWG-for-GA z score; n = 1,633 for GWG rate per IOM recommendations).
b
Adjusted for maternal age, education, race/ethnicity, parity, smoking, income, and site (categorized as in Table 1).
c
Second tertile corresponds tototal GWG (for a 40-week pregnancy) between 13.6 kg and 17.2 kg, for a woman with normal prepregnancy BMI. Corresponding values for other BMI categories listed in Supporting Information Table S1.