Table 5. Most important contributor compounds to separate queens and workers of epiponine wasps.
| Average | Sd | Ratio | Av. worker | Av. queen | Cum. sum | p-value | Sig. level | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (a) Chartergerllus communis | ||||||||
| n-C29 | 0.032 | 0.021 | 1.532 | 32.613 | 36.935 | 0.202 | 0.538 | n.s |
| n-C27 | 0.028 | 0.016 | 1.790 | 44.290 | 38.949 | 0.379 | 0.032 | * |
| n-C30 | 0.014 | 0.020 | 0.705 | 1.540 | 3.203 | 0.471 | 0.514 | n.s |
| n-C25 | 0.013 | 0.009 | 1.486 | 3.637 | 2.103 | 0.555 | 0.215 | n.s |
| n-C31 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 1.595 | 3.967 | 6.003 | 0.627 | 0.046 | * |
| n-C28 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 1.606 | 2.933 | 3.536 | 0.679 | 0.604 | n.s |
| 15-;13-;11-MeC29 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 1.257 | 1.453 | 1.206 | 0.729 | 0.469 | n.s |
| 9,13-diMeC24 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 1.293 | 1.590 | 0.561 | 0.773 | 0.057 | n.s |
| 11,13-diMeC27 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.829 | 1.083 | 0.249 | 0.803 | 0.084 | n.s |
| 13-;11-MeC27 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.800 | 0.767 | 0.151 | 0.826 | 0.057 | n.s |
| (b) Metapolybia docilis | ||||||||
| n-C31 | 0.044 | 0.035 | 1.270 | 30.340 | 38.664 | 0.287 | 0.311 | n.s |
| n-C29 | 0.036 | 0.025 | 1.430 | 44.240 | 44.079 | 0.519 | 0.678 | n.s |
| n-C27 | 0.021 | 0.016 | 1.304 | 6.587 | 3.454 | 0.658 | 0.098 | n.s |
| n-C30 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 1.620 | 3.947 | 3.137 | 0.696 | 0.571 | n.s |
| n-C28 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 1.989 | 2.923 | 2.050 | 0.733 | 0.324 | n.s |
| n-C32 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 1.332 | 1.713 | 1.134 | 0.767 | 0.597 | n.s |
| n-C24 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 1.470 | 1.683 | 0.814 | 0.797 | 0.033 | * |
| n-C25 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.760 | 0.337 | 0.896 | 0.821 | 0.917 | n.s |
| 15-;13-MeC27 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.866 | 0.773 | 0.219 | 0.844 | 0.243 | n.s |
| n-C33 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.929 | 1.090 | 1.387 | 0.865 | 0.824 | n.s |
| (c) Nectarinella xavantinenis | ||||||||
| n-C29 | 0.084 | 0.054 | 1.573 | 28.100 | 13.315 | 0.238 | 0.019 | * |
| n-C25 | 0.058 | 0.033 | 1.722 | 20.990 | 25.521 | 0.400 | 0.221 | n.s |
| n-C31 | 0.040 | 0.022 | 1.830 | 11.203 | 3.178 | 0.514 | 0.003 | ** |
| 15-;13-MeC29 | 0.038 | 0.025 | 1.514 | 5.727 | 11.944 | 0.619 | 0.344 | n.s |
| 15-;13-MeC27 | 0.036 | 0.024 | 1.490 | 4.720 | 11.468 | 0.719 | 0.091 | n.s |
| n-C27 | 0.029 | 0.020 | 1.448 | 14.617 | 15.723 | 0.800 | 0.982 | n.s |
| 15,17-diMeC29 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 1.198 | 2.400 | 4.650 | 0.843 | 0.863 | n.s |
| 11-;9-MeC27 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 1.262 | 2.207 | 3.488 | 0.871 | 0.877 | n.s |
| n-C24 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 1.109 | 1.563 | 1.118 | 0.890 | 0.220 | n.s |
| 13-;11-MeC25 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 1.214 | 0.743 | 1.735 | 0.904 | 0.343 | n.s |
| (d) Synoeca surinama | ||||||||
| C25:1-1 | 0.059 | 0.030 | 1.994 | 16.919 | 5.596 | 0.211 | 0.001 | *** |
| C31:1 | 0.037 | 0.021 | 1.745 | 23.972 | 16.593 | 0.345 | 0.001 | *** |
| n-C31 | 0.035 | 0.023 | 1.504 | 20.710 | 19.224 | 0.469 | 0.005 | ** |
| n-C25 | 0.026 | 0.023 | 1.141 | 13.108 | 14.316 | 0.563 | 1.000 | n.s |
| C33:1 | 0.022 | 0.009 | 2.397 | 0.761 | 5.167 | 0.642 | 0.001 | *** |
| n-C33 | 0.022 | 0.011 | 1.978 | 1.598 | 5.956 | 0.719 | 0.001 | *** |
| n-C27 | 0.016 | 0.008 | 2.030 | 4.214 | 7.263 | 0.775 | 0.001 | *** |
| n-C29 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 1.334 | 9.199 | 8.029 | 0.809 | 0.001 | *** |
| C27:1 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 1.196 | 2.868 | 4.336 | 0.841 | 0.001 | *** |
| n-C23 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 1.081 | 0.318 | 1.704 | 0.866 | 0.001 | *** |
| (e) Parachartergus fraternus | ||||||||
| n-C27 | 0.035 | 0.039 | 0.885 | 14.574 | 21.112 | 0.155 | 0.268 | n.s |
| 15-;13-;11-;9-MeC27 | 0.020 | 0.015 | 1.375 | 19.657 | 18.198 | 0.247 | 0.841 | n.s |
| n-C29 | 0.017 | 0.012 | 1.385 | 8.961 | 7.241 | 0.323 | 0.171 | n.s |
| 3,11-; 7,9-diMeC29 + n.C30 | 0.014 | 0.006 | 2.416 | 4.976 | 2.258 | 0.383 | 0.001 | *** |
| 11,13-diMeC29 | 0.012 | 0.008 | 1.615 | 8.284 | 5.826 | 0.438 | 0.004 | ** |
| 12-;10-;8-MeC28 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 1.043 | 11.270 | 9.345 | 0.491 | 0.364 | n.s |
| 13,17-diMeC28 | 0.010 | 0.006 | 1.739 | 4.813 | 2.835 | 0.536 | 0.001 | *** |
| 5-MeC25 | 0.010 | 0.005 | 1.791 | 1.439 | 3.387 | 0.579 | 0.004 | ** |
| 9-MeC25 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 1.821 | 1.227 | 2.956 | 0.620 | 0.012 | * |
| n-C25 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 1.416 | 0.671 | 2.306 | 0.658 | 0.013 | * |
| (f) Clypearia sulcata | ||||||||
| 15,19-; 13,7-diMeC35 | 0.026 | 0.019 | 1.417 | 18.625 | 23.908 | 0.126 | 0.072 | n.s |
| 17-;15-;13-;11-;9-;7-MeC35 | 0.022 | 0.009 | 2.394 | 15.370 | 19.862 | 0.233 | 0.001 | *** |
| n-C31 | 0.019 | 0.010 | 1.813 | 5.798 | 2.160 | 0.322 | 0.013 | * |
| 13,21-;13,19-;11,15-diMeC37 | 0.015 | 0.009 | 1.590 | 10.904 | 8.882 | 0.392 | 0.438 | n.s |
| 13,17-diMeC33 | 0.013 | 0.006 | 2.397 | 3.950 | 6.594 | 0.455 | 0.001 | *** |
| n-C29 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 1.170 | 6.715 | 5.776 | 0.503 | 0.646 | n.s |
| 7,11-diMeC35 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 11.915 | 0.000 | 1.604 | 0.542 | 0.001 | *** |
| x,y-diMeC37 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 2.162 | 1.593 | 0.000 | 0.580 | 0.001 | *** |
| 15-;13-;11-;9-MeC31 | 0.008 | 0.014 | 0.569 | 1.926 | 0.602 | 0.617 | 0.999 | n.s |
| 15-;13-;11-;9-;7-MeC37 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 1.470 | 10.168 | 8.922 | 0.654 | 0.215 | n.s |
| (g) Brachygastra augusti | ||||||||
| n-C29 | 0.098 | 0.062 | 1.562 | 27.995 | 9.434 | 0.158 | 0.001 | *** |
| 15-;13-;11-MeC31 | 0.094 | 0.035 | 2.693 | 1.319 | 19.967 | 0.310 | 0.001 | *** |
| 15-;13-MeC33 | 0.066 | 0.028 | 2.379 | 2.550 | 15.597 | 0.418 | 0.001 | *** |
| 13-;11-MeC29 | 0.057 | 0.022 | 2.544 | 1.557 | 12.950 | 0.511 | 0.001 | *** |
| n-C27 | 0.054 | 0.030 | 1.791 | 16.252 | 8.273 | 0.599 | 0.001 | *** |
| n-C31 | 0.039 | 0.049 | 0.783 | 10.605 | 4.064 | 0.662 | 0.001 | *** |
| 13-MeC35 | 0.023 | 0.011 | 2.102 | 0.981 | 5.371 | 0.699 | 0.001 | *** |
| C29:1-1 | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.895 | 3.216 | 1.239 | 0.729 | 0.063 | n.s |
| 5,11-diMeC30 | 0.017 | 0.018 | 0.986 | 3.124 | 1.038 | 0.757 | 0.038 | * |
| 17-;16-;14-;11-MeC34 | 0.016 | 0.013 | 1.207 | 2.781 | 2.186 | 0.783 | 0.002 | ** |
| (h) Polybia paulista | ||||||||
| n-C29 | 0.065 | 0.037 | 1.755 | 20.967 | 9.590 | 0.235 | 0.001 | *** |
| 15-;13-;11-MeC29 | 0.030 | 0.020 | 1.498 | 22.563 | 23.836 | 0.343 | 0.142 | n.s |
| n-C27 | 0.022 | 0.026 | 0.853 | 16.988 | 16.171 | 0.424 | 0.038 | * |
| 13-;11-MeC27 | 0.021 | 0.014 | 1.538 | 6.429 | 9.369 | 0.501 | 0.006 | ** |
| n-C25 | 0.016 | 0.011 | 1.374 | 1.884 | 4.631 | 0.558 | 0.001 | *** |
| n-C23 | 0.014 | 0.030 | 0.458 | 0.221 | 2.894 | 0.608 | 0.002 | ** |
| 3-MeC27 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 1.333 | 5.036 | 5.166 | 0.647 | 0.284 | n.s |
| C31:1 | 0.009 | 0.015 | 0.593 | 0.245 | 1.748 | 0.679 | 0.040 | * |
| n-C31 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 1.772 | 2.444 | 1.414 | 0.711 | 0.006 | ** |
| C27:1 | 0.008 | 0.016 | 0.515 | 0.773 | 1.124 | 0.740 | 0.600 | n.s |
| (i) Charterginus sp. | ||||||||
| 11,21-;11,19-diMeC39 | 0.114 | 0.008 | 15.145 | 1.903 | 24.688 | 0.196 | 0.001 | *** |
| 11,21-;11,19-diMeC37 | 0.049 | 0.010 | 5.085 | 1.427 | 11.160 | 0.279 | 0.001 | *** |
| C29:1-1 | 0.036 | 0.008 | 4.601 | 8.296 | 1.185 | 0.341 | 0.001 | *** |
| n-C29 | 0.034 | 0.016 | 2.146 | 9.772 | 3.020 | 0.399 | 0.001 | *** |
| 3-MeC27 | 0.031 | 0.007 | 4.115 | 7.806 | 1.668 | 0.451 | 0.001 | *** |
| n-C27 | 0.021 | 0.019 | 1.103 | 18.390 | 15.195 | 0.488 | 0.682 | n.s |
| 5,19-;5,17-diMeC39 | 0.020 | 0.001 | 19.728 | 0.000 | 3.955 | 0.522 | 0.001 | *** |
| 9-MeC27 | 0.017 | 0.008 | 2.070 | 3.860 | 0.408 | 0.552 | 0.001 | *** |
| 15-;13-;11-MeC29 | 0.016 | 0.008 | 2.037 | 3.640 | 0.465 | 0.579 | 0.001 | *** |
| 3-MeC29 | 0.014 | 0.004 | 3.205 | 3.234 | 0.520 | 0.602 | 0.001 | *** |
| (j) Agelaia pallipes | ||||||||
| x,y-diMeC28 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 1.291 | 6.785 | 4.421 | 0.086 | 0.181 | n.s |
| 15-;13-;11-MeC33 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 1.434 | 11.346 | 11.083 | 0.147 | 0.998 | n.s |
| n-C29 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 1.104 | 8.190 | 8.242 | 0.204 | 1.000 | n.s |
| n-C30 | 0.009 | 0.003 | 3.030 | 1.772 | 3.665 | 0.259 | 0.001 | *** |
| 15-;13-;11-;9-;.7-MeC31 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 1.306 | 16.766 | 15.819 | 0.312 | 0.531 | n.s |
| 13,17-;11,15-diMeC33 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 1.506 | 7.037 | 7.378 | 0.359 | 0.970 | n.s |
| 17-;15-;13-;11-MeC35 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.954 | 2.680 | 3.085 | 0.404 | 0.431 | n.s |
| 15-;13-;11-;9-MeC29 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.822 | 6.692 | 6.382 | 0.444 | 0.966 | n.s |
| 13,17-;11,15-diMeC31 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 1.382 | 4.545 | 5.139 | 0.481 | 0.499 | n.s |
| 13,19-;13,17-diMeC35 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 1.512 | 2.727 | 3.212 | 0.514 | 0.579 | n.s |
| (k) Apoica flavissima | ||||||||
| n-C27 | 0.039 | 0.042 | 0.931 | 10.479 | 17.139 | 0.206 | 0.243 | n.s |
| 11-MeC40 | 0.034 | 0.031 | 1.097 | 31.541 | 26.364 | 0.386 | 0.268 | n.s |
| n-C29 | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.991 | 4.836 | 9.564 | 0.521 | 0.106 | n.s |
| 17-;13-;11-MeC38 | 0.024 | 0.020 | 1.176 | 17.564 | 14.459 | 0.646 | 0.376 | n.s |
| 15-;13-;11-MeC31 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.988 | 9.291 | 7.716 | 0.700 | 0.357 | n.s |
| 13-MeC40 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 1.564 | 2.097 | 3.763 | 0.747 | 0.025 | * |
| 3-MeC29 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 2.409 | 3.561 | 2.505 | 0.792 | 0.037 | * |
| 13,15-;11,13-diMeC33 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 1.189 | 3.017 | 2.248 | 0.815 | 0.064 | n.s |
| 15-;13-;11-MeC29 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 1.147 | 1.599 | 1.465 | 0.834 | 0.949 | n.s |
| 17-;15-;13-MeC33 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.891 | 3.764 | 3.186 | 0.851 | 0.246 | n.s |
Notes:
Contribution of the first ten most important compounds discriminating queens and workers using SIMPER Bray-Curtis dissimilarities (999 permutations). (a) Chartergerllus communis; (b) Metapolybia docilis; (c) Nectarinella xavantinensis; (d) Synoeca surinama; (e) Parachartergus fraternus; (f) Clypearia sulcata; (g) Brachygastra augusti; (h) Polybia paulista; (i) Charterginus sp.; (j) Agelaia pallipes; (k) Apoica flavissima. sd, standard deviation; av. worker, compound average present in workers; av. queens, compound average present in queens; cum. sum, cumulative contribution (%) of each compound for differentiation; sig. level, significance level (n.s., non-significant).
*
p < 0.05.
**
p < 0.01.
***
p < 0.001.