Figure 2.

Strategies to increase antigen presentation. (A) Autologous dendritic cells, pulsed with total tumor RNA or lysate, are infused into the patient. (B) Oncolytic viruses replicate in tumor cells, which ultimately leads to tumor cell lysis and release of tumor-associated antigens, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that can enhance antigen presentation. (C) Targeted activation of APCs (for example, by agonistic anti-CD40 antibody treatment) enhances APC activity and antigen presentation. (D) Antigen presentation by tumor cells may be enhanced by treating with molecules (e.g., IFNγ) that up-regulate MHC class I expression and presentation.