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. 2021 Mar 12;1159:338384. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338384

Table 3.

Sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for virus detection.

Virus Target Application Electrode Modifier Biorecognition element Immobilization Label Technique Redox probe LOD Linear range Incubation time Response time Ref
Avian Leukosis Virus ALV-J antigenc Avian serum samples GCE GR-PTCA Ab1: anti-ALV-J Covalent, EDC/NHS coupling Fc-AuNP-β-CD-Ab2 DPV Ferrocene 101.93 TCID50 mL−1 102.0104.0 TCID50 mL−1 30 min – [156]
ALV-J antigenc Avian serum samples GCE rGO-TA-Fe3O4 Ab1: anti-ALV-J Covalent, cis-diols in TA with saccharides on Ab1 eZIF-Ab2-HRP DPV HRP catalyzed reduction of H2O2, HQ as redox mediator 140 TCID50 mL−1 152-10000 TCID50 mL−1 60 min – [166]
ALV-J antigenc Avian serum samples GCE mpg-C3N4 Ab1: anti-ALV-J Covalent, GA coupling Th-mpg-C3N4/Ab2 DPV Thionine 120 TCID50 mL−1 102.08-104.0 TCID50 mL−1 40 min – [157]
ALV-J antigenc – GCE GR-PTCA Ab1: anti-ALV-J Covalent, EDC/NHS coupling NC-Au-Ab2-ALP DPV ALP-catalyzed silver deposition 101.98 TCID50 mL−1 102.08-104.0 TCID50 mL−1 40 min – [164]
Enterovirus 71 EV71c Clinical samples ITO AuNPs/MA mAb: anti-EV71 Covalent, EDC/NHS coupling MBs-mAb-HPR Amperometry HRP catalyzed reduction of H2O2, TBM as redox mediator 0.1 ng mL−1 0.1–6000 ng mL−1 30 min – [165]
Hepatitis B virus HBeAga Human serum samples GCE pGO@Au Ab1: anti-HBeAg Adsorption Ab2-Au@Pd/MoS2@MWCNTs Amperometry Catalytic reduction of H2O2 26 fg mL−1 0.1 fg mL−1-500 pg mL−1 30 min – [169]
HbsAga Human serum samples GCE GO-CS Ab1: Anti-HBsAg Covalent, GA coupling Ab2/Fe3O4-AuNPs- DNAzyme/MB DPV DNAzyme catalyzed reduction of H2O2, MB as redox mediator 60 fg mL−1 0.1–300 pg mL−1 30 min – [167]
HbsAga Human serum samples GCE GO-CS Ab1: Anti-HBsAg Covalent, GA coupling Ab2-DNAzyme-H-amino-rGO/Au DPV DNAzyme catalyzed reduction of H2O2, MB as redox mediator 10 fg mL−1 0.1–1000 pg mL−1 30 min – [167]
HbsAga Human serum samples Au Fe3O4 Ab1: Anti-HBsAg Covalent, EDC/NHS coupling Ab2-MB-Au-DNAzyme SWV DNAzyme catalyzed reduction of H2O2, MB as redox mediator 0.19 pg mL−1 0.3–1000 pg mL−1 30 min – [168]
HbsAga Human serum samples GCE pGO/Au Ab1: Anti-HBsAg Adsorption MoS2@Cu2O–Pt/Ab2 Amperometry Catalytic reduction of H2O2 0.15 pg mL−1 0.5 pg mL−1-200 ng mL−1 60 min – [170]
Hepatitis C virus HCV antigena Human serum samples SPCE Gr-IL-Fu/RhNPs Ab1: anti-HCV Adsorption CB/Ab2/Nafion@TiO2 DPV CB 25 fg mL−1 0.1–250 pg mL−1 35 min – [158]
Influenza A H5N1 antigenc Chicken swab sample Au DTSP-ProteinA-anti-H5N1 Anti-H5N1 Protein-A affinity interaction Con A-MNPs CV ECC of Fe3O4 to PB 0.0022 HAU 0.0025–0.16 HAU 60 min – [171]
H7N9 antigenc – Au AuNP-G mAb: anti- H7N9 C pAb-AgNP-G LSV AgNPs 1.6 pg mL−1 1.6 × 10−3 -16 ng mL−1 30 min – [160]
H7N9 antigenc Chicken serum and liver samples AuMA AuNPs/mAb mAb: anti-H7N9 Covalent, EDC coupling pAb-bi-FMNs-ALP LSV ALP-catalyzed silver deposition 7.8 fg mL−1 0.01–1.5 pg mL−1 30 min – [163]
H9N2 antigenc – ITO pAb-Au-MnO2/rGO pAb: anti-H9N2 Covalent, COOH of FMNCs with amino groups of mAb mAb-FMCNs-ALP LSV ALP-catalyzed silver deposition 10 pg mL−1 0.1–1.000 ng mL−1 30 min – [162]
H9N2 antigena Allantoic cavity of a 10-days old pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs SPCE – anti- H9N2 -M2 Covalent, EDC coupling MNP-anti-M2-H9N9–AuNP Amperometry Catalytic HER by AuNPs 16 HAU – 60 min 160 s [281]
Influenza virusc Human serum samples GCE AuNPs Ab1: anti- Influenza Adsorption Ab2/ALP/Pt-pZnO-hemin DPV ALP-catalyzed 1-naphthol production 0.76 pg mL−1 0.001–60 ng mL−1 30 min – [161]
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus anti-TBEVb Biological fluids GCCE Cysteamine-GA-TBEV TBEV antigens and antibodies Covalent, GA coupling Ab@AgNPs LSV AgNPs 50 IU mL−1 50–1600 IU mL−1 60 min – [159]

Type of target:a viral protein, b antibody, c whole virus. Ab1: primary antibody, Ab2: secondary antibory, ALV-J antigen: avian leukosis virus subgroup J antigen, anti-ALV-J: anti avian leukosis virus subgroup J antibody, GCE: glassy carbono electrode, GR-PTCA graphene-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid nanocomposite, EDC: 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, NHS: N-Hydroxysuccinimide, Fc: ferrocene, AuNP: gold nanoparticle, β-CD: β-cyclodextrin, DPV: differential pulse voltammetry, rGO: reduced graphene oxide, TA: tannic acid, eZIF: zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, HRP: horseradish peroxidase, mpg-C3N4: mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride, GA: glutaraldheide, Th: thionine, NC-Au: nanocellulose-Au nanocomposites, ALP: alkaline phosphatase, EV71 antigen: human enterovirus 71 antigen, ITO: indium tin oxide electrode, MA:, mAb: monoclonal antibody, pAb: polyclonal antibody, mAb: anti-EV71: human anti enterovirus 71 monoclonal antibody, MBs: magnetic nanobeads, HBeAg: hepatitis B e antigen, anti-HBeAg: anti hepatitis B e antibody, HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-HBs: anti hepatitis B surface antibody, anti-HBc: anti hepatitis B core protein antibody, pGO@Au: Au nanoparticles functionalized porous graphene oxide (pGO@Au), GO: graphene oxide, CS: chiosan, DNAzyme: hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme, MB: methylene blue, HCV antigen: hepatitis C virus antigen, anti-HCV: anti hepatitis C virus antibody, Gr-IL-Fu: graphene/ionic liquid/fullerene nanocomposite, RhNPs: Rh nanoparticles, CB: celestine blue, H5N1 antigen: influenza virus H5N1 antigen, anti-H5N1: anti influenza virus H5N1 hemagglutinin antibody, DTSP: dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate), Com A: concanavalin A, MNPs: magnetic nanoparticles, ECC: electrochemical conversion, H7N9 antigen: influenza virus H7N9 antigen, anti-H7N9: anti influenza virus H7N9 hemagglutinin antibody, AuNP-G: gold nanoparticle-graphene nanocomposite, AgNP-G: silver nanoparticle-graphene nanocomposite, bi-FMNs: bifunctional fluorescence magnetic nanospheres, Au-MA: Au microelectrode array, H9N2 antigen: influenza virus H9N2 antigen, anti-H9N2: anti influenza virus H9N2 hemagglutinin antibody, FMCNs: fluorescent-magnetic-catalytic nanospheres, anti-H9N2-M2: anti influenza virus H9N2 M2 protein antibody, MNP: magetic nanoparticles, Pt-pZnO-hemin: nanohybrid of Pt-porous ZnO spheres-hemin.