Table 9.

Techniques, attributes, and characteristics of economic, geographic, and social-COVID-19 apps

Authors	The basic objective	Pros	Limitations in study	Security method?	Simulation environments	Dataset and Size of Dataset	Using TL?	Mechanism	Application?
Almars, Almaliki [112]	Proposing a hybrid DL model for social media rumor detection	-High accuracy -High performance	-High complexity	No	Not mentioned	ArCOV dataset (medium size dataset)	No	CNN + Bi-LSTM	Social media rumor detection
Grekousis, Feng [113]	Using GRF, nonlinear connections between the COVID-19 mortality rate were computed	-High scalability -Low complexity	-Low robustness -High energy consumption	No	Not mentioned	Dataset of 3021 data counties (large dataset)	No	GRF	Ranking the significance of demographic, socioeconomic, and underlying health variables
Motuzienė, Bielskus [114]	Using the ELM to analyze real occupancies during different epidemic durations	-High flexibility -High reliability	-Low scalability	No	MATLAB	Real-time dataset	No	ELM	Analyze the occupancy of office buildings during COVID-19
Li, Zheng [75]	Establishing a micro-EMA-based prediction system comprised of optimum micro-EMA selection	-Moderate accuracy -High flexibility -High MAE	-Scalability is not considered	No	Not mentioned	2862 samples (Small dataset)	No	Ensemble prediction model	COVID-19 social isolation impacts