Table 1.
Selected Characteristics of Participants in the GALA II Study, 2006–2014
| Healthy Control | Asthma Case | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 897 | 952 | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 13.0 (10.6–15.7) | 12.0 (9.9–14.5) | <0.001 |
| Sex, male | 382 (42.6) | 540 (56.7) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity Sub-group | 0.001 | ||
| Caribbean Spanish | 126 (14.0) | 176 (18.5) | |
| Central American | 92 (10.3) | 75 (7.9) | |
| Mexican American | 578 (64.4) | 558 (58.6) | |
| South American | 15 (1.7) | 11 (1.2) | |
| other Latino^ | 86 (9.6) | 132 (13.9) | |
| Mother’s Education | 0.016 | ||
| Lower than high school grad | 496 (55.3) | 473 (49.7) | |
| High school grad or greater | 401 (44.7) | 479 (50.3) | |
| Insurance status | <0.001 | ||
| None | 76 (8.5) | 36 (3.8) | |
| Government-subsidized | 704 (78.5) | 747 (78.5) | |
| Private Insurance | 117 (13.0) | 169 (17.8) | |
| Maternal age at birth, median (IQR) | 23.0 (20.0–28.0) | 25.0 (21.0–29.0) | <0.001 |
| Ever breastfed, Yes | 704 (78.5) | 653 (68.6) | <0.001 |
| < 5.5 pounds at birth, Yes | 64 (7.1) | 78 (8.2) | 0.393 |
| In Utero Tobacco Exposure, Yes | 26 (2.9) | 47 (4.9) | 0.024 |
| Current smokers in household | 0.796 | ||
| None | 675 (75.3) | 740 (77.7) | |
| One | 144 (16.1) | 145 (15.2) | |
| Two or more | 44 (4.9) | 46 (4.8) | |
| Missing | 34 (3.8) | 21 (2.2) | |
| Report of Mold Exposure, Yes | 243 (27.1) | 352 (37.0) | <0.001 |
| Report of Cockroach Exposure, Yes | 335 (37.3) | 349 (36.7) | 0.760 |
| Nativity Status | 240 (26.8) | 110 (11.6) | <0.001 |
| Born outside of the U.S. | |||
| Language Acculturation # | <0.001 | ||
| Low (Spanish-Spanish) | 226 (25.2) | 170 (17.9) | |
| Medium (Spanish-English) | 523 (58.3) | 490 (51.5) | |
| High (English-English) | 148 (16.5) | 292 (30.7) | |
| Age at immigration | <0.001 | ||
| Ages 10 and older | 63 (7.0) | 21 (2.2) | |
| Ages 4–9 | 107 (11.9) | 54 (5.7) | |
| Ages 0–3 | 70 (7.8) | 35 (3.7) | |
| US Born | 657 (73.2) | 842 (88.4) | |
| Generation in the United States | <0.001 | ||
| 1st Generation | 240 (26.8) | 110 (11.6) | |
| 2nd Generation | 521 (58.1) | 563 (59.1) | |
| 3rd Generation | 136 (15.2) | 279 (29.3) | |
| Composite Acculturation Measure a | 347 (38.7) | 226 (23.7) | <0.001 |
| Low | 379 (42.3) | 387 (40.7) | |
| Medium | 171 (19.1) | 339 (35.6) | |
| High | |||
| Study Site | 0.192 | ||
| Chicago | 217 (24.2) | 233 (24.5) | |
| New York | 220 (24.5) | 245 (25.7) | |
| San Francisco | 337 (37.6) | 318 (33.4) | |
| Texas | 123 (13.7) | 156 (16.4) | |
| Native Ancestry, %, median (IQR) | 53.9 (38.2–71.2) | 48.9 (25.3–61.4) | <0.001 |
| African Ancestry, %, median (IQR) | 5.0 (3.0–9.0) | 5.8 (3.6–13.1) | <0.001 |
| Spirometry, mean (SD) | |||
| FEV1, % predicted | ---- | 94.2 (14.5) | |
| Missing, n(%) | 22 (2.3) | ||
| Bronchodilator Response, % Change | ---- | 9.5 (8.8) | |
| Missing, n(%) | 24 (2.5) | ||
| Controller Medication Use, Yes* | ---- | 396 (41.6%) |
Results are presented as n (%) unless otherwise noted; P-values are from chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests
Definition of abbreviations: IQR= Interquartile Range; FEV1 = Forced Expiratory Volume in one second; FVC = Forced Expiratory Volume
Includes those that identify as more than one Latino subgroup or as Spanish
Language acculturation describes the concordance between the mother and child’s language preference. If both prefer Spanish, they have low language acculturation and if both prefer English, they have high language acculturation.
Controller medication include yes/no to luketriene Inhibitor, inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilator or combination therapy