Table 4:
Estimated Bronchodilator Response (%) Mean Difference and 95% Confidence Intervals for Acculturation Measures in Participants with Asthma from the GALA II Study, 2006–2014 (n=931)
| Unadjusted Mean difference (95% CI) |
Model 1a Mean difference (95% CI) |
Model 2b Mean difference (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Acculturation Measure | |||
| Nativity | |||
| Not born in the U.S. | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Born in the U.S. | 0.05 (−1.72, 1.82) | −0.47 (−2.26, 1.32) | −0.05 (−1.89, 1.78) |
| Language Acculturation | |||
| Low (Spanish-Spanish) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Medium (Spanish-English) | −2.32 (−3.87, −0.77) | −2.20 (−3.80, −0.60) | −1.98 (−3.62, −0.34) |
| High (English-English) | −2.44 (−4.12, −0.76) | −3.41 (−5.27, −1.55) | −3.05 (−5.06, −1.05) |
| Age at immigration | |||
| Ages 10 and older | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Ages 4–9 | 3.55 (−0.91, 8.00) | 3.31 (−1.09, 7.70) | 3.24 (−1.21, 7.68) |
| Ages 0–3 | 1.89 (−2.94, 6.73) | 1.66 (−3.13, 6.45) | 1.65 (−3.19, 6.48) |
| U.S. Born | 2.40 (−1.43, 6.23) | 1.69 (−2.12, 5.51) | 2.05 (−1.79, 5.90) |
| Generation in the U.S. | |||
| 1st Generation | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 2nd Generation | 0.21 (−1.62, 2.03) | −0.02 (−1.83, 1.80) | 0.38 (−1.49, 2.25) |
| 3rd Generation | −0.27 (−2.25, 1.70) | −1.89 (−3.98, 0.20) | −1.39 (−3.55, 0.77) |
| Acculturation index | |||
| Low | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Medium | −1.81 (−3.27, −0.34) | −1.83 (−3.32, −0.33) | −1.54 (−3.08, 0.00) |
| High | −2.14 (−3.64, −0.64) | −3.59 (−5.27, −1.90) | −3.23 (−5.03, −1.44) |
a
Model 1 adjusted for age sex, child’s Latino subgroup, controller medication use, Native and African ancestry, and study site
b
Model 2: Model 1 additionally adjusted for maternal education, maternal age at birth, insurance status, in utero tobacco exposure, current smokers in household, breastfeeding, birthweight, and report of mold, and report of cockroaches