Table 1.
Summary of metadata from experimental studies reporting on the relative effect of exposure to natural and urban environments on positive and negative affect.
| Study | Country |
Study design |
Exposure duration |
Mean age |
Exp. type |
Env. type |
Activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berman et al. (2008) Study 1 | US | Within | 50 to 55 min | 22.62 | I | M | W |
| Berman et al. (2008) Study 2 | US | Within | 10 min | 24.25 | L | W | S |
| Hartig et al. (1991) Study 2 | US | Between | 40 min | 20 | I | M | W |
| Hartig et al. (1991) Study 2 | US | Between | 40 min | 20 | I | M | W |
| Hartig et al. (1999) Study 1 | US | Between | 8 min | 20.1 | L | W | S |
| Hartig et al. (2003) | US | Between | 50 min | 20.8 | I | W | W |
| Ryan et al. (2010) Study 2 | US | Between | 15 min | 20 | I | M | W |
| Ryan et al. (2010) Study 3 | US | Between | 8 min | 20 | L | W | S |
| Sheets and Manzer (1991) Study 1 | US | Between | - | - | L | M | S |
| Sheets and Manzer (1991) Study 2 | US | Between | - | - | L | M | S |
| Ulrich et al. (1991) | US | Between | 10 min | - | L | W | S |
| Ulrich et al. (1991) | US | Between | 10 min | - | L | W | S |
| Ulrich et al. (1991) | US | Between | 10 min | - | L | W | S |
| Ulrich et al. (1991) | US | Between | 10 min | - | L | W | S |
| Ulrich et al. (1991) | US | Between | 10 min | - | L | W | S |
| Mayer et al. (2009) Study 1 | US | Between | 10 min walk, 5 min sit | - | I | W | W, S |
| Mayer et al. (2009) Study 2 | US | Between | 10 min walk, 5 min sit | - | L | M | S |
| Nisbet and Zelenski (2011) Study 1 | Canada | Between | 17 min | 20.8 | I | M | W |
| Nisbet and Zelenski (2011) Study 2 | Canada | Between | 17 min | - | I | M | W |
| Tennessen and Cimprich (1995) | US | Between | - | 20 | L | M | S |
| Tennessen and Cimprich (1995) | US | Between | - | 20 | L | M | S |
| White et al. (2010) Study 1 | England | Within | - | 28.5 | L | W | S |
| Reeves et al. (2019) | UK | Within | 10 min | 41 | I | M | S |
| Stewart and Haaga (2018) | International | Between | 15 min | - | L | W | S |
| Golding et al. (2018) | UK | Between | 5 min | 27 | L | W | S |
| McAllister et al. (2017) | Australia | Between | 2 min 30 s | 49.07 | L | W | S |
| McAllister et al. (2017) | Australia | Between | 2 min 30 s | 49.07 | L | W | S |
| Lee et al. (2009) | Japan | Within | 15 min, 3 sessions | 21.3 | I | W | S |
| Park et al. (2007) | Japan | Within | 20 min walk, 20 min sit | 22.8 | I | W | W, S |
| Park et al. (2007) | Japan | Within | 20 min walk, 20 min sit | 22.8 | I | W | W, S |
| van den Berg et al. (2003) | Netherlands | Between | 7 min | 21.9 | L | W | S |
| van den Berg et al. (2003) | Netherlands | Between | 7 min | 21.9 | L | W | S |
| van den Berg et al. (2003) | Netherlands | Between | 7 min | 21.9 | L | W | S |
| van den Berg et al. (2003) | Netherlands | Between | 7 min | 21.9 | L | W | S |
| Tyrväinen et al. (2014) | Finland | Within | 30 min | 47.64 | I | Both | W |
| Tyrväinen et al. (2014) | Finland | Within | 30 min | 47.64 | I | Both | W |
| Olafsdottir et al. (2018) | Iceland | Between | 40 min | 24.39 | I | W | W |
| Olafsdottir et al. (2018) | Iceland | Between | 40 min | 24.39 | I | W | W |
| Stigsdotter et al. (2017) | Denmark | Within | 15 min | - | I | W | W |
| Stigsdotter et al. (2017) | Denmark | Within | 15 min | - | I | W | W |
| Stigsdotter et al. (2017) | Denmark | Within | 15 min | - | I | W | W |
| Stigsdotter et al. (2017) | Denmark | Within | 15 min | - | I | W | W |
| Stigsdotter et al. (2017) | Denmark | Within | 15 min | - | I | W | W |
| Stigsdotter et al. (2017) | Denmark | Within | 15 min | - | I | W | W |
| Stigsdotter et al. (2017) | Denmark | Within | 15 min | - | I | W | W |
| Brown et al. (2013) | UK | Within | 10 min, 2 sessions | 36.91 | L | W | S |
| Shin et al. (2011) | South Korea | Within | 50 to 55 min | 23.27 | I | M | W |
| Shin et al. (2011) | South Korea | Within | 50 to 55 min | 23.27 | I | M | W |
| Shin et al. (2011) | South Korea | Within | 50 to 55 min | 23.27 | I | M | W |
| Shin et al. (2011) | South Korea | Within | 50 to 55 min | 23.27 | I | M | W |
| Shin et al. (2011) | South Korea | Within | 50 to 55 min | 23.27 | I | M | W |
| Shin et al. (2011) | South Korea | Within | 50 to 55 min | 23.27 | I | M | W |
| Beute and de Kort (2014) Study 2 | Netherlands | Between | 45 min | 21.1 | L | W | S |
| Bielinis et al. (2018) | Poland | Between | 15 min, 2 sessions | 21.4 | I | M | S |
| Bielinis et al. (2018) | Poland | Between | 15 min, 2 sessions | 21.4 | I | M | S |
| Bielinis et al. (2018) | Poland | Between | 15 min, 2 sessions | 21.4 | I | M | S |
| Bielinis et al. (2018) | Poland | Between | 15 min, 2 sessions | 21.4 | I | M | S |
| Bielinis et al. (2018) | Poland | Between | 15 min, 2 sessions | 21.4 | I | M | S |
| Bielinis et al. (2018) | Poland | Between | 15 min, 2 sessions | 21.4 | I | M | S |
| Bielinis et al. (2018) | Poland | Between | 15 min, 2 sessions | 21.4 | I | M | S |
| Geniole et al. (2016) | Canada | Within | 15 min, 2 sessions | 24.6 | I | M | W |
| Janeczko et al. (2020) | Poland | Between | 30 min | - | I | W | W |
| Johansson et al. (2011) | Sweden | Within | 40 min, 4 sessions | 23.3 | I | M | W |
| Johansson et al. (2011) | Sweden | Within | 40 min, 4 sessions | 23.3 | I | M | W |
| Liu et al. (2021) | China | Within | 30 min | - | I | W | S |
| Liu et al. (2021) | China | Within | 30 min | - | I | W | S |
| Liu et al. (2021) | China | Within | 30 min | - | I | W | S |
| Liu et al. (2021) | China | Within | 30 min | - | I | W | S |
| Liu et al. (2021) | China | Within | 30 min | - | I | W | S |
| Liu et al. (2021) | China | Within | 30 min | - | I | W | S |
| Lopes et al. (2020) | Portugal | Between | 30 min | 25 | I | M | W |
| Neale et al. (2021) Study 1 | US | Within | 400 s | 20 | L | W | S |
| Takayama et al. (2014) | Japan | Within | 15 min | 20 | I | M | W |
| Takayama et al. (2014) | Japan | Within | 15 min | 20 | I | M | W |
| Takayama et al. (2014) | Japan | Within | 15 min | 20 | I | M | W |
| Takayama et al. (2014) | Japan | Within | 15 min | 20 | I | M | W |
| Takayama et al. (2014) | Japan | Within | 15 min | 20 | I | M | W |
| Takayama et al. (2014) | Japan | Within | 15 min | 20 | I | M | W |
| Takayama et al. (2014) | Japan | Within | 15 min | 20 | I | M | W |
| Brooks et al. (2017) Study 1 | Canada | Between | 10 min, 2 sessions | 21.5 | I | M | W |
| Brooks et al. (2017) Study 2 | Canada | Between | 15s per slide | 21.3 | L | M | S |
| Jiang et al. (2021) | International | Between | Less than 20 min | - | L | M | S |
| Lee et al. (2015a) | Japan | Within | 15 min, 2 sessions | 22.3 | I | M | S |
| Lee et al. (2015a) | Japan | Within | 15 min, 2 sessions | 22.3 | I | M | S |
| Lee et al. (2015a) | Japan | Within | 15 min, 2 sessions | 22.3 | I | M | S |
| Lee et al. (2015a) | Japan | Within | 15 min, 2 sessions | 22.3 | I | M | S |
| Lee et al. (2015a) | Japan | Within | 15 min, 2 sessions | 22.3 | I | M | S |
| Lee et al. (2015a) | Japan | Within | 15 min, 2 sessions | 22.3 | I | M | S |
| Navalta et al. (2021) | US | Within | 30 min | 29.2 | I | M | S |
| Navalta et al. (2021) | US | Within | 30 min | 29.2 | I | M | S |
| Nisbet et al. (2019) | Canada | Between | 30 min | 19.58 | I | M | W |
| Pasca et al. (2021) | International | Between | 2 min 30 s | 20.48 | L | W | S |
| Song et al. (2014) | Japan | Within | 15 min | 21.2 | I | M | W |
| Song et al. (2014) | Japan | Within | 15 min | 21.2 | I | M | W |
| Song et al. (2014) | Japan | Within | 15 min | 21.2 | I | M | W |
| Song et al. (2014) | Japan | Within | 15 min | 21.2 | I | M | W |
| Song et al. (2014) | Japan | Within | 15 min | 21.2 | I | M | W |
| Song et al. (2014) | Japan | Within | 15 min | 21.2 | I | M | W |
| Song et al. (2014) | Japan | Within | 15 min | 22.5 | I | M | W |
| Ballew and Omoto (2018) | US | Between | 15 min | 19.3 | I | Both | S |
| Bratman et al. (2015) | US | Between | 50 min | 22.9 | I | M | W |
| Pretty et al. (2005) | UK | Between | 20 min | 24.6 | L | W | W |
| Pretty et al. (2005) | UK | Between | 20 min | 24.6 | L | W | W |
| Pretty et al. (2005) | UK | Between | 20 min | 24.6 | L | W | W |
| Pretty et al. (2005) | UK | Between | 20 min | 24.6 | L | W | W |
| Pretty et al. (2005) | UK | Between | 20 min | 24.6 | L | W | W |
| Pretty et al. (2005) | UK | Between | 20 min | 24.6 | L | W | W |
| Koselka et al. (2019) | US | Within | 50 min, 4 sesssions | 22.62 | I | M | W |
Dash(–) indicates information not reported. Exp. Type, Exposure Type. For Exposure Type: I, Immersion; L, Laboratory Simulation. Env. Type, Environment Type. For Environment Type: M, Managed; W, Wild. For Activity: W, Walking, S, Sitting.