Table 2.
Summary of effect size data from experimental studies reporting on the relative effect of exposure to natural and urban environments on positive and negative affect.
| Study | N |
Outcome measure |
Pos. Aff., d |
95% CI |
Neg. Aff., d |
95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berman et al. (2008) Study 1 | 72 | PANAS | 1.05 | 0.93, 1.17 | - | - |
| Berman et al. (2008) Study 2 | 24 | PANAS | 0.01 | -0.31, 0.34 | - | - |
| Hartig et al. (1991) Study 2 | 22 | ZIPERS | 1.10 | 0.69, 1.51 | -1.15 | -1.56, -0.73 |
| Hartig et al. (1991) Study 2 | 22 | OHS | 0.72 | 0.34, 1.1 | - | - |
| Hartig et al. (1999) Study 1 | 100 | ZIPERS | 0.43 | 0.35, 0.51 | -0.71 | -0.8, -0.63 |
| Hartig et al. (2003) | 112 | ZIPERS | 1.51 | 1.42, 1.6 | -0.58 | -0.65, -0.5 |
| Ryan et al. (2010) Study 2 | 80 | SVS | 0.59 | 0.49, 0.69 | - | - |
| Ryan et al. (2010) Study 3 | 97 | SVS | 0.76 | 0.67, 0.85 | - | - |
| Sheets and Manzer (1991) Study 1 | 168 | Affective Pleasure | 0.68 | 0.63, 0.73 | - | - |
| Sheets and Manzer (1991) Study 2 | 69 | Affective Pleasure | 1.07 | 0.94, 1.2 | - | - |
| Ulrich et al. (1991) | 120 | ZIPERS F | - | - | -0.58 | -0.66, -0.5 |
| Ulrich et al. (1991) | 120 | ZIPERS A/A | - | - | -0.88 | -0.96, -0.8 |
| Ulrich et al. (1991) | 120 | ZIPERS PA | 1.42 | 1.33, 1.51 | - | - |
| Ulrich et al. (1991) | 120 | ZIPERS S | - | - | -0.21 | -0.28, -0.13 |
| Ulrich et al. (1991) | 120 | ZIPERS A/I | 0.32 | 0.25, 0.4 | - | - |
| Mayer et al. (2009) Study 1 | 76 | PANAS | 0.65 | 0.19, 1.11 | 0.15 | -0.32, 0.61 |
| Mayer et al. (2009) Study 2 | 62 | PANAS | 0.63 | 0.12, 1.14 | 0.06 | -0.45, 0.57 |
| Nisbet and Zelenski (2011) Study 1 | 73 | PANAS | 1.15 | 0.65, 1.65 | -0.50 | -1, -0.01 |
| Nisbet and Zelenski (2011) Study 2 | 80 | PANAS | 1.45 | 0.95, 1.94 | -0.49 | -0.99, 0 |
| Tennessen and Cimprich (1995) | 36 | POMS Total | - | - | -0.41 | -1.13, 0.32 |
| Tennessen and Cimprich (1995) | 36 | POMS D-D | - | - | -0.44 | -1.17, 0.29 |
| White et al. (2010) Study 1 | 80 | Subj. Happiness | 1.27 | 0.79, 1.76 | - | - |
| Reeves et al. (2019) | 68 | PANAS | 0.42 | -0.06, 0.9 | - | - |
| Stewart and Haaga (2018) | 94 | PANAS | 0.47 | 0.06, 0.88 | -0.56 | -0.97, -0.15 |
| Golding et al. (2018) | 38 | PANAS | 0.87 | 0.2, 1.54 | 0.00 | 0, 0 |
| McAllister et al. (2017) | 144 | PANAS | 0.42 | 0.09, 0.75 | -0.42 | -0.75, -0.09 |
| McAllister et al. (2017) | 148 | PANAS | -0.09 | -0.41, 0.23 | -0.52 | -0.84, -0.2 |
| Lee et al. (2009) | 22 | Subj. Comfort | 2.59 | 1.46, 3.72 | - | - |
| Park et al. (2007) | 24 | Subj. Comfort | 3.43 | 2.17, 4.69 | - | - |
| Park et al. (2007) | 24 | Subj. Calm | 1.69 | 0.75, 2.62 | - | - |
| van den Berg et al. (2003) | 106 | POMS D-D | - | - | -0.70 | -1.08, -0.32 |
| van den Berg et al. (2003) | 106 | POMS A-H | - | - | -0.82 | -1.2, -0.44 |
| van den Berg et al. (2003) | 106 | POMS T-A | - | - | -0.45 | -0.83, -0.07 |
| van den Berg et al. (2003) | 106 | OHS | 0.63 | 0.24, 1.02 | - | - |
| Tyrväinen et al. (2014) | 154 | PANAS | 0.72 | 0.39, 1.05 | -0.49 | -0.82, -0.17 |
| Tyrväinen et al. (2014) | 154 | SVS | 0.22 | -0.09, 0.54 | - | - |
| Olafsdottir et al. (2018) | 44 | PANAS | 1.03 | 0.4, 1.67 | -0.72 | -1.35, -0.09 |
| Olafsdottir et al. (2018) | 44 | PANAS | 0.86 | 0.24, 1.48 | -0.64 | -1.26, -0.02 |
| Stigsdotter et al. (2017) | 94 | POMS T-A | - | - | -1.14 | -1.54, -0.73 |
| Stigsdotter et al. (2017) | 94 | POMS D-D | - | - | -0.12 | -0.52, 0.29 |
| Stigsdotter et al. (2017) | 94 | POMS A-H | - | - | -0.48 | -0.89, -0.08 |
| Stigsdotter et al. (2017) | 94 | POMS F-I | - | - | -0.16 | -0.57, 0.24 |
| Stigsdotter et al. (2017) | 94 | POMS C-B | - | - | - | - |
| Stigsdotter et al. (2017) | 94 | POMS V-A | 0.37 | -0.04, 0.77 | - | - |
| Stigsdotter et al. (2017) | 94 | POMS Total | - | - | -0.54 | -0.95, -0.14 |
| Brown et al. (2013) | 46 | PANAS | -0.07 | -0.65, 0.51 | -0.44 | -1.02, 0.14 |
| Shin et al. (2011) | 120 | POMS T-A | - | - | -1.39 | -1.75, -1.04 |
| Shin et al. (2011) | 120 | POMS D-D | - | - | -1.01 | -1.37, -0.65 |
| Shin et al. (2011) | 120 | POMS A-H | - | - | -1.33 | -1.69, -0.98 |
| Shin et al. (2011) | 120 | POMS V-A | 0.00 | -0.36, 0.36 | - | - |
| Shin et al. (2011) | 120 | POMS F-I | - | - | -1.55 | -1.91, -1.19 |
| Shin et al. (2011) | 120 | POMS C-B | - | - | -1.58 | -1.93, -1.22 |
| Beute and de Kort (2014) Study 2 | 60 | Hedonic Tone | 0 | -0.51, 0.51 | - | - |
| Bielinis et al. (2018) | 54 | POMS T-A | - | - | -0.57 | -1.1, -0.04 |
| Bielinis et al. (2018) | 54 | POMS D-D | - | - | -0.52 | -1.06, 0.01 |
| Bielinis et al. (2018) | 54 | POMS A-H | - | - | -0.43 | -0.96, 0.1 |
| Bielinis et al. (2018) | 54 | POMS F-I | - | - | -0.79 | -1.33, -0.26 |
| Bielinis et al. (2018) | 54 | POMS C-B | - | - | -0.71 | -1.24, -0.18 |
| Bielinis et al. (2018) | 54 | POMS V-A | 0.65 | 0.1, 1.2 | - | - |
| Bielinis et al. (2018) | 54 | PANAS | 0.63 | 0.08, 1.18 | -0.5 | -1.04, 0.05 |
| Geniole et al. (2016) | 31 | Pos. Mood | 1.84 | 1.24, 2.43 | - | - |
| Janeczko et al. (2020) | 40 | PANAS | -0.37 | -1.01, 0.26 | -0.28 | -0.91, 0.35 |
| Johansson et al. (2011) | 20 | NMS A/D | - | - | 0.02 | -0.6, 0.64 |
| Johansson et al. (2011) | 20 | NMS A | - | - | -0.1 | -0.72, 0.52 |
| Liu et al. (2021) | 30 | POMS T-A | - | - | -1.78 | -2.29, -1.27 |
| Liu et al. (2021) | 30 | POMS D-D | - | - | -1.01 | -1.52, -0.5 |
| Liu et al. (2021) | 30 | POMS A-H | - | - | -0.88 | -1.38, -0.37 |
| Liu et al. (2021) | 30 | POMS F-I | - | - | -0.99 | -1.5, -0.49 |
| Liu et al. (2021) | 30 | POMS C-B | - | - | -1.45 | -1.96, -0.95 |
| Liu et al. (2021) | 30 | POMS V-A | 1.98 | 1.36, 2.6 | - | - |
| Lopes et al. (2020) | 62 | PANAS | 0.92 | 0.39, 1.44 | -0.82 | -1.35, -0.3 |
| Neale et al. (2021) Study 1 | 45 | Hedonic Tone | 0.64 | 0.21, 1.06 | - | - |
| Takayama et al. (2014) | 45 | POMS T-A | - | - | -0.83 | -1.24, -0.41 |
| Takayama et al. (2014) | 45 | POMS D-D | - | - | -0.32 | -0.74, 0.09 |
| Takayama et al. (2014) | 45 | POMS A-H | - | - | -0.34 | -0.75, 0.07 |
| Takayama et al. (2014) | 45 | POMS F-I | - | - | -0.71 | -1.12, -0.3 |
| Takayama et al. (2014) | 45 | POMS C-B | - | - | -0.71 | -1.12, -0.3 |
| Takayama et al. (2014) | 45 | POMS V-A | 0.96 | 0.52, 1.39 | - | - |
| Takayama et al. (2014) | 45 | PANAS | 0.24 | -0.17, 0.66 | -0.63 | -1.05, -0.22 |
| Brooks et al. (2017) Study 1 | 120 | PANAS | 0.27 | -0.09, 0.63 | - | - |
| Brooks et al. (2017) Study 2 | 58 | PANAS | 0.14 | -0.37, 0.66 | -0.42 | -0.94, 0.09 |
| Jiang et al. (2021) | 17 | Mood | 1.65 | 0.53, 2.76 | - | - |
| Lee et al. (2015a) | 11 | POMS T-A | - | - | -0.73 | -1.57, 0.1 |
| Lee et al. (2015a) | 11 | POMS D-D | - | - | -0.29 | -1.12, 0.55 |
| Lee et al. (2015a) | 11 | POMS A-H | - | - | -0.7 | -1.54, 0.14 |
| Lee et al. (2015a) | 11 | POMS V-A | 0.66 | -0.2, 1.52 | - | - |
| Lee et al. (2015a) | 11 | POMS F-I | - | - | -0.83 | -1.66, 0.01 |
| Lee et al. (2015a) | 11 | POMS C-B | - | - | -0.51 | -1.34, 0.33 |
| Navalta et al. (2021) | 10 | Subj. Calm | 1.09 | 0.15, 2.03 | - | - |
| Navalta et al. (2021) | 10 | Subj. Comfort | 1.3 | 0.34, 2.27 | - | - |
| Nisbet et al. (2019) | 65 | PANAS | 0.98 | 0.46, 1.49 | -0.24 | -0.75, 0.28 |
| Pasca et al. (2021) | 306 | PANAS | 6.47 | 5.91, 7.03 | -7.5 | -8.06, -6.95 |
| Song et al. (2014) | 17 | POMS T-A | - | - | -0.61 | -1.28, 0.06 |
| Song et al. (2014) | 17 | POMS D-D | - | - | -0.57 | -1.25, 0.1 |
| Song et al. (2014) | 17 | POMS A-H | - | - | -0.57 | -1.24, 0.11 |
| Song et al. (2014) | 17 | POMS V-A | 0.57 | -0.12, 1.25 | - | - |
| Song et al. (2014) | 17 | POMS F-I | - | - | -0.47 | -1.14, 0.2 |
| Song et al. (2014) | 17 | POMS C-B | - | - | -0.41 | -1.08, 0.27 |
| Song et al. (2014) | 13 | Subj. Comfort | 1.55 | 0.68, 2.43 | - | - |
| Ballew and Omoto (2018) | 100 | Pos. Emotions | 0.58 | 0.18, 0.98 | - | - |
| Bratman et al. (2015) | 60 | PANAS | -0.42 | -0.93, 0.09 | -0.52 | -1.03, -0.01 |
| Pretty et al. (2005) | 40 | POMS D-D | - | - | 0.17 | -0.45, 0.79 |
| Pretty et al. (2005) | 40 | POMS A-H | - | - | 0.18 | -0.44, 0.8 |
| Pretty et al. (2005) | 40 | POMS F-I | - | - | 0.31 | -0.31, 0.93 |
| Pretty et al. (2005) | 40 | POMS C-B | - | - | 0.39 | -0.23, 1.01 |
| Pretty et al. (2005) | 40 | POMS V-A | -0.26 | -0.89, 0.36 | - | - |
| Pretty et al. (2005) | 40 | POMS T-A | - | - | 0.17 | -0.45, 0.79 |
| Koselka et al. (2019) | 38 | PANAS | 0.65 | 0.54, 0.76 | - | - |
Dash(–) indicates information not reported. For ZIPERS: F, Fear; A/A, Anger/Aggression; PA, Positive Affect; S, Sadness; A/I, Attentiveness/Interest. For POMS: T-A, Tension-Anxiety; D-D, Depression-Dejection; A-H, Anger-Hostility; V-A, Vigor Activity; F-I, Fatigue-Inertia; C-B, Confusion-Bewilderment. NMS, Negative Mood Scale. For NMS A/D, Anxiety/Depression, A, Anger.