Table 3.

Summary of meta-analysis results for various data subsets.

Data subset	No. of studies	N	Pos. Aff., d	95% CI	Neg. Aff., d	95% CI
Post-test results	49	3,201	0.86	0.75, 0.97	-0.67	-0.76, -0.58
Pre/post results	20	967	0.63	0.51, 0.75	-0.56	-0.64, -0.49
ZIPERS	4	354	0.94	0.66, 1.22	-0.62	-0.73, -0.5
PANAS	23	1,641	0.76	0.54, 0.98	-0.81	-1.09, -0.53
POMS	10	697	0.60	0.37, 0.83	-0.66	-0.73, -0.58
Immersion	29	1,467	0.85	0.75, 0.95	-0.68	-0.74, -0.62
Laboratory simulation	20	1734	0.82	0.58, 1.07	-0.65	-0.91, -0.39
Between-subjects	30	2,602	0.81	0.65, 0.98	-0.61	-0.76, -0.45
Within-subjects	19	599	0.90	0.76, 1.03	-0.75	-0.83, -0.67