Figure 6.

Schematic showing the function(s) of cell adhesion molecules, cytokines, and chemokines. E-Selectin, P-Selectin, and ICAM-1 are cell adhesion molecules that are involved in the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of injury during inflammation. MIP-1α, MCP-1, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-1β, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p70, and IP-10 are pro-inflammatory cytokines/ chemokines that promote RPE cell death, loss of photoreceptors, oxidative stress, retinal degeneration, breakdown of blood-retinal barrier, geographic atrophy, pathologic angiogenesis, and choroidal neovascularization, subsequently leading to the development of AMD.