Table 5.

Differences in Prime Diet Quality Screener (PDQS-30D) component consumption frequency by frequency of cooking dinner among low-income adults in the United States between June 23 and July 1, 2020 (N = 1,739)

Component	Dinner cooking frequency (times/wk)				P valuea
	7 (n = 637)	5-6 (n = 510)	3-4 (n = 340)	0-2 (n = 252)
Healthy
Dark green leafy vegetables
≤ once/mo	29.0	22.4	31.5	41.7	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	16.8	23.7	24.4	23.0
1-2 times/wk	23.4	27.7	25.0	17.9
3-4 times/wk	17.1	15.1	14.1	9.1
5-6 times/wk	6.6	5.1	2.1	3.2
Once a day	4.9	5.3	1.5	3.6
≥2 times/d	2.2	0.8	1.5	1.6
Cruciferous vegetables
≤ once/mo	27.5	24.7	30.6	40.9	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	21.4	23.3	24.7	23.0
1-2 times/wk	23.9	27.1	27.9	19.4
3-4 times/wk	14.4	18.4	10.9	9.5
5-6 times/wk	6.8	3.3	3.8	2.4
Once a day	5.0	2.6	1.8	3.6
≥2 times/d	1.1	0.6	0.3	1.2
Deep orange vegetables
≤ once/mo	36.4	29.4	41.5	48.4	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	23.7	32.0	24.4	21.8
1-2 times/wk	25.1	22.9	21.2	16.3
3-4 times/wk	8.8	9.4	7.4	7.9
5-6 times/wk	2.8	4.3	4.4	2.4
Once a day	2.2	1.4	0.6	2.8
≥2 times/d	0.9	0.6	0.6	0.4
Other vegetables
≤ once/mo	18.7	13.9	24.1	31.4	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	20.7	18.6	23.2	22.6
1-2 times/wk	24.8	31.0	27.9	23.4
3-4 times/wk	19.0	26.1	16.5	13.9
5-6 times/wk	10.4	6.9	5.6	4.4
Once a day	5.0	2.4	1.2	3.2
≥2 times/d	1.4	1.2	1.5	1.2
Citrus fruits
≤ once/mo	34.9	25.3	32.4	40.1	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	21.5	23.9	28.5	22.2
1-2 times/wk	18.4	22.6	19.4	18.7
3-4 times/wk	11.5	13.5	13.8	10.7
5-6 times/wk	5.2	7.8	2.7	3.2
Once a day	6.1	5.7	1.8	4.0
≥2 times/d	2.5	1.2	1.5	1.2
Deep orange fruits
≤ once/mo	60.2	50.8	54.7	56.0	0.012
2-3 times/mo	16.5	21.6	22.1	21.0
1-2 times/wk	12.6	16.7	12.4	13.9
3-4 times/wk	6.0	4.5	7.4	7.9
5-6 times/wk	1.7	3.5	2.1	0.4
Once a day	2.5	2.2	0.9	0.4
≥2 times/d	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.4
Other fruits
≤ once/mo	20.7	11.4	20.3	26.2	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	24.3	23.5	29.7	27.0
1-2 times/wk	22.0	24.7	25.3	25.4
3-4 times/wk	15.2	22.0	16.5	11.1
5-6 times/wk	7.4	9.6	5.6	5.6
Once a day	7.5	6.7	2.7	3.6
≥2 times/d	2.8	2.2	0.0	0.8
Legumes
≤ once/mo	23.4	20.6	32.1	34.1	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	23.7	28.0	28.2	28.6
1-2 times/wk	26.7	32.0	22.4	23.4
3-4 times/wk	15.4	13.5	11.8	7.5
5-6 times/wk	5.7	3.9	3.8	5.2
Once a day	3.1	1.8	1.2	1.2
≥2 times/d	2.0	0.2	0.6	0.0
Nuts and seeds
≤ once/mo	34.2	29.6	34.1	39.3	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	19.3	24.3	25.3	26.6
1-2 times/wk	19.5	24.5	20.0	15.1
3-4 times/wk	11.5	11.6	16.5	10.7
5-6 times/wk	7.5	5.3	2.9	4.4
Once a day	5.8	3.9	0.9	2.4
≥2 times/d	2.2	0.8	0.3	1.6
Poultry
≤ once/mo	13.3	7.5	10.9	16.3	0.001
2-3 times/mo	17.4	16.5	22.1	25.8
1-2 times/wk	31.4	35.5	35.3	27.0
3-4 times/wk	24.2	27.8	21.8	19.8
5-6 times/wk	8.8	8.6	7.4.	5.6
Once a day	3.5	2.8	2.1	4.0
≥2 times/d	1.4	1.4	0.6	1.6
Fish
≤ once/mo	42.7	40.6	45.9	48.8	0.217
2-3 times/mo	24.8	27.7	27.1	27.8
1-2 times/wk	24.3	23.3	17.4	14.7
3-4 times/wk	5.3	5.9	6.2	6.4
5-6 times/wk	2.0	2.2	2.4	1.6
Once a day	0.5	0.2	0.3	0.8
≥2 times/d	0.3	0.2	0.9	0.0
Whole grains
≤ once/mo	17.4	15.5	14.4	22.2	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	15.4	14.1	21.2	17.9
1-2 times/wk	21.5	26.9	26.8	28.2
3-4 times/wk	19.0	22.4	20.3	14.3
5-6 times/wk	12.6	11.4	10.9	8.7
Once a day	10.4	8.8	5.0	7.5
≥2 times/d	3.8	1.0	1.5	1.2
Low-fat dairy
≤ once/mo	32.8	27.1	29.7	36.1	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	11.99	13.1	19.4	17.9
1-2 times/wk	16.5	21.6	22.4	14.3
3-4 times/wk	13.8	17.7	14.1	13.5
5-6 times/wk	7.9	7.8	6.5	10.7
Once a day	12.1	11.4	4.4	6.4
≥2 times/d	5.0	1.4	3.5	1.2
Liquid vegetable oils
≤ once/mo	28.4	19.4	27.9	47.6	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	18.8	17.5	22.7	20.2
1-2 times/wk	20.1	28.2	24.7	14.7
3-4 times/wk	13.5	18.0	15.3	9.5
5-6 times/wk	9.4	10.4	6.2	5.2
Once a day	6.8	5.1	2.4	2.4
≥2 times/d	3.0	1.4	0.9	0.4
UNHEALTHY
Red meat as a main dish
≤ once/mo	21.5	13.3	17.7	26.2	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	19.5	18.6	24.4	31.0
1-2 times/wk	32.5	35.1	35.9	25.8
3-4 times/wk	18.8	25.3	15.6	13.5
5-6 times/wk	6.1	5.3	4.7	2.0
Once a day	1.1	2.0	0.9	1.2
≥2 times/d	0.5	0.4	0.9	0.4
Processed meat
≤ once/mo	26.2	17.8	18.8	25.8	0.009
2-3 times/mo	22.9	22.4	29.4	25.8
1-2 times/wk	27.0	32.9	26.2	30.2
3-4 times/wk	14.8	18.8	18.8	12.3
5-6 times/wk	5.3	5.3	5.0	4.0
Once a day	3.0	2.2	1.8	1.2
≥2 times/d	0.8	0.6	0.0	0.8
Potatoes
≤ once/mo	22.9	16.1	24.1	33.7	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	18.2	15.7	14.4	21.4
1-2 times/wk	25.0	30.4	30.3	18.3
3-4 times/wk	21.7	26.5	22.7	15.5
5-6 times/wk	7.4	8.0	6.5	7.1
Once a day	3.1	2.9	1.2	3.2
≥2 times/d	1.7	0.4	0.9	0.8
Refined grains and baked goods
≤ once/mo	14.3	7.8	12.7	18.7	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	16.2	16.7	20.3	23.4
1-2 times/wk	27.9	29.4	28.8	22.6
3-4 times/wk	18.4	28.8	21.7	19.1
5-6 times/wk	11.0	9.8	9.1	7.9
Once a day	9.6	5.7	5.6	6.8
≥2 times/d	2.7	1.8	1.8	1.6
Sugar-sweetened beverages
≤ once/mo	42.2	27.3	26.2	31.4	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	12.1	13.7	15.6	16.7
1-2 times/wk	14.0	18.2	20.3	15.5
3-4 times/wk	8.2	15.1	15.0	9.9
5-6 times/wk	6.8	8.4	7.7	6.8
Once a day	7.8	9.2	7.9	9.5
≥2 times/d	9.1	8.0	7.1	10.3
Fried foods away from home
≤ once/mo	52.6	27.1	22.1	35.3	<0.001
2-3 times/mo	22.5	29.4	24.7	25.8
1-2 times/wk	15.9	30.2	28.8	22.2
3-4 times/wk	5.2	9.8	16.8	10.3
5-6 times/wk	2.2	1.8	5.6	2.8
Once a day	1.1	0.8	1.2	2.4
≥2 times/d	0.6	1.0	0.9	1.2
Sweets and ice cream
≤ once/mo	25.6	12.0	15.6	25.8	< 0.001
2-3 times/mo	22.9	19.6	22.9	27.4
1-2 times/wk	21.0	28.6	26.8	20.6
3-4 times/wk	13.8	22.9	20.3	11.5
5-6 times/wk	7.9	7.1	7.7	6.0
Once a day	5.6	7.5	4.4	5.2
≥2 times/d	3.3	2.4	2.4	3.6
Neutral
Eggs
≤ once/month	17.0	10.4	16.2	24.6	< 0.001
2-3 times/month	14.4	17.7	22.4	22.6
1-2 times/week	25.1	28.4	30.6	28.2
3-4 times/week	19.6	25.1	17.9	15.1
5-6 times/week	10.8	9.4	7.9	4.4
Once a day	11.5	8.4	3.8	4.8
≥2 times/d	1.6	0.6	1.2	0.4

Bold values are statistically significant (P < .05).

^aP values from Pearson χ² tests.