Table 2.
Association between urban factors and excess mortality for 21 cities in Chile and municipalities of three metropolitan areas
| Variable | SD | Relative Excess Mortality (95% CI) | Absolute Excess Mortality (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| City-level (n = 21) | |||
| Educational Attainment (University) | 2.9% | –1.62 (–6.52;3.28) | –8.08 (–32.63;16.48) |
| Educational Attainment (High School) | 4.6% | –0.02 (–5.47;5.43) | –1.48 (–28.78;25.83) |
| Residential Overcrowding | 1.4% | 8.09 (2.4;13.78) | 38.99 (10.02;67.96) |
| Poverty | 4.5% | –2.35 (–7.51;2.82) | –13.76 (–39.43;11.91) |
| Population Density | 2262 pop/km2 | 1.59 (–3.52;6.69) | 6.2 (–19.5;31.9) |
| Air Pollution | 4.3 ug/m3 | 1.73 (–3.23;6.7) | 5.45 (–19.64;30.54) |
| City Population Size | Doubling | 0.45 (–4.39;5.28) | 0.63 (–23.64;24.89) |
| Municipality-level | |||
| Santiago (n = 36) | |||
| Educational Attainment (University) | 17.9% | –7.23 (–11.73;-2.73) | –62.12 (-89.24;–35.01) |
| Educational Attainment (High School) | 13.6% | –7.64 (–11.92;-3.36) | –65.77 (–90.76;–40.77) |
| Residential Overcrowding | 2.8% | 7.04 (2.68;11.4) | 62.68 (37.04;88.33) |
| Poverty | 3.8% | 6.4 (1.73;11.07) | 59.96 (32.07;87.85) |
| Population Density | 3974 pop/km2 | 3.11 (–1.7;7.92) | 32.03 (0.86;63.2) |
| Air Pollution | 1.9 ug/m3 | 2.84 (–2.84;8.52) | 26.93 (–10.59;64.45) |
| Concepción (n = 10) | |||
| Educational Attainment (University) | 7.6% | 3.02 (–8.99;15.03) | 12.54 (–52.2;77.28) |
| Educational Attainment (High School) | 8.6% | 5.75 (–5.27;16.77) | 24.49 (–36.11;85.08) |
| Residential Overcrowding | 0.7% | –4.94 (–15.8;5.92) | –19.17 (–78.87;40.54) |
| Poverty | 3.0% | –2.89 (–14.26;8.47) | –4.12 (–65.97;57.73) |
| Population Density | 1803 pop/km2 | 11.44 (3.64;19.24) | 61.54 (20.02;103.05) |
| Air Pollution | 2.1 ug/m3 | 6.52 (–3.89;16.93) | 31.98 (–24.68;88.65) |
| Valparaíso (n = 5) | |||
| Educational Attainment (University) | 6.4% | 2.92 (0.28;5.57) | 7.19 (–19.86;34.24) |
| Educational Attainment (High School) | 3.0% | 1.09 (–3.32;5.49) | –6.12 (–32.54;20.3) |
| Residential Overcrowding | 0.7% | 1.11 (–3.01;5.24) | 15.93 (1.76;30.11) |
| Poverty | 3.7% | –0.88 (–5.19;3.44) | 6.76 (–18.28;31.8) |
| Population Density | 2078 pop/km2 | 0.18 (–5.25;5.62) | 11.46 (–16.81;39.72) |
| Air Pollution | 0.6 ug/m3 | 1.2 (–3.12;5.52) | 1.63 (–25.85;29.11) |
Footnote: results come from a linear model of relative excess mortality on city- or municipality-level factors, adjusted by age. Relative excess mortality was defined as excess mortality over the number of expected deaths (obtained from the GAM model). Absolute excess mortality was defined as the difference between observed deaths and expected deaths divided over the population. CI means confidence intervals